Echterhoff Gerald, Hirst William, Hussy Walter
New School University, New York, New York, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2005 Jul;33(5):770-82. doi: 10.3758/bf03193073.
Previous findings have been equivocal as to whether the postevent misinformation effect on eyewitness memory is reduced by warnings presented after the misinformation (postwarnings). In the present research, social postwarnings, which characterize the postevent source as a low-credibility individual, diminished the misinformation effect in both cued recall and recognition tests. Discrediting the source as being either untrustworthy or incompetent was effective (Experiment 1). Also, postwarned participants rated reality characteristics of their memories more accurately than did participants receiving no or high-credibility information about the postevent source (Experiment 2). A social postwarning yielded the same results as an explicit source-monitoring appeal and led to longer response times for postevent items, relative to a no-warning condition (Experiments 3 and 4). The findings suggest that the reduced misinformation effect was due to more thorough monitoring of memory characteristics by postwarned participants, rather than to a stricter response criterion or to enhanced event memory.
先前的研究结果对于事件后误导信息对目击者记忆的影响是否会因在误导信息之后呈现的警告（事后警告）而减弱并不明确。在本研究中，将事件后来源描述为可信度较低个体的社会性事后警告，在线索回忆和识别测试中均减弱了误导信息的影响。将来源诋毁为不可信或无能力是有效的（实验1）。此外，与未收到或收到关于事件后来源的高可信度信息的参与者相比，收到事后警告的参与者对其记忆的现实特征评价更为准确（实验2）。相对于无警告条件，社会性事后警告产生的结果与明确的来源监控诉求相同，并导致对事件后项目的反应时间更长（实验3和4）。研究结果表明，误导信息影响的减弱是由于收到事后警告的参与者对记忆特征进行了更彻底的监控，而非更严格的反应标准或增强的事件记忆。
