Greenstone M H
USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory. Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
Bull Entomol Res. 2006 Feb;96(1):1-13. doi: 10.1079/ber2005402.
Determining insect parasitism rates is problematic due to the small size and lack of useful distinguishing morphological characters of many parasitoid taxa. To solve this problem, entomologists have employed one of four general methods to detect parasitoid protein or nucleic acid markers: serological assay; random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR); allozyme electrophoresis; or specific PCR. Serological methods, especially with monoclonal antibodies, are unrivalled for specificity, enabling discrimination at the stage as well as species level. However, they have not found favour with many workers, possibly due to complexity and expense. RAPD-PCR has been widely used, but can only be recommended for restricted applications because of its poor reproducibility. Allozyme electrophoresis provides reproducible detection and discrimination of closely related species. Specific-PCR is highly specific and reproducible, and also has the shortest latency for detection, usually 24 h or less after parasitization. The substantial existing literature on allozyme electrophoresis and specific PCR is used to support recommendations on what are apt to be fruitful enzyme systems or genomic regions for detecting and discriminating parasitoids in untried parasitoid-host assemblages.
由于许多寄生蜂类群体型小且缺乏有用的可区分形态特征，确定昆虫的寄生率存在问题。为了解决这个问题，昆虫学家采用了四种通用方法之一来检测寄生蜂的蛋白质或核酸标记：血清学检测；随机扩增多态性DNA聚合酶链反应（RAPD-PCR）；等位酶电泳；或特异性PCR。血清学方法，尤其是使用单克隆抗体时，在特异性方面无与伦比，能够在阶段以及物种水平上进行区分。然而，它们并未受到许多研究人员的青睐，可能是由于其复杂性和成本。RAPD-PCR已被广泛使用，但由于其重现性差，仅适用于有限的应用。等位酶电泳可对亲缘关系密切的物种进行可重现的检测和区分。特异性PCR具有高度特异性和可重复性，并且检测潜伏期最短，通常在寄生后24小时或更短时间内即可检测到。现有的大量关于等位酶电泳和特异性PCR的文献被用于支持有关在未尝试过的寄生蜂-宿主组合中检测和区分寄生蜂时哪些酶系统或基因组区域可能富有成效的建议。
