Sergeant Joseph A, Piek Jan P, Oosterlaan Jaap
Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Hum Mov Sci. 2006 Feb;25(1):76-89. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2005.10.007. Epub 2006 Jan 25.
Although the connection between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has been recognized for several decades, little research has examined the relationship between these two disorders. This paper draws attention to the contribution the cognitive-energetic model (CEM) can make in determining the specific nature of these two disorders. An information processing approach such as the CEM is a useful model to identify specific and overlapping mechanisms that are disrupted in these two disorders. This paper describes the CEM and reviews the research so-far in relation to the model. The CEM has several advantages over other models: First, it predicts which task variables will be independent or may interact, thus enabling the investigator to determine the success/failure of the task manipulation(s) and identify spurious findings. Second, the CEM links energetic factors to task variables and predicts both additive and interactive effects. Third, the CEM enables executive processes such as selective attention, working memory and inhibition to be related to both energetic and lower level processes. Fourth, by employing the CEM in clinical research, taxonomy of deficits can be derived enabling further insight into the nature of the disorders and their specific neuropsychological dysfunction. Suggestions are made for future research into the neuropsychological deficits associated with ADHD and DCD.
尽管注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）与发育性协调障碍（DCD）之间的联系已被认可数十年，但很少有研究探讨这两种障碍之间的关系。本文提请注意认知能量模型（CEM）在确定这两种障碍的具体性质方面所能做出的贡献。诸如CEM这样的信息处理方法是一种有用的模型，可用于识别这两种障碍中受到干扰的特定和重叠机制。本文描述了CEM，并回顾了迄今为止与该模型相关的研究。CEM相对于其他模型具有几个优点：第一，它预测哪些任务变量将是独立的或可能相互作用，从而使研究者能够确定任务操作的成功/失败，并识别虚假结果。第二，CEM将能量因素与任务变量联系起来，并预测累加效应和交互效应。第三，CEM使诸如选择性注意、工作记忆和抑制等执行过程能够与能量和较低水平的过程相关联。第四，通过在临床研究中应用CEM，可以得出缺陷分类法，从而进一步深入了解这些障碍的性质及其特定的神经心理功能障碍。针对未来关于与ADHD和DCD相关的神经心理缺陷的研究提出了建议。
