Swayne D E
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
Dev Biol (Basel). 2006;124:85-90.
Sporadic human infections have been reported with a few select avian influenza (AI) viruses over the past 50 years. Most of the infections resulted from the H7N7 high pathogenicity AI (HPAI) virus from The Netherlands (2003) and H5N1 HPAI viruses from several Asian countries (1997-2005). Epidemiological studies have identified direct exposure to infected poultry as the primary risk factor for human infection. In The Netherlands, veterinarians, cullers and poultry farmers had an occupational risk of infection through exposure to infected commercial poultry, and presented with conjunctivitis and/or influenza-like illnesses. In Asia, most of the clinical infections involved direct exposure to poultry in the smallholder sector or live poultry markets, and not commercial poultry. However, serological data from Hong Kong during 1997 indicated H5N1 infections without clinical disease were associated with occupational exposure. No cases of human AI infection have been linked to consumption of infected or contaminated poultry products. However, HPAI virus can be present in blood, bone and meat of infected poultry, which, if consumed raw, are a potential source of virus for human infections. Cooking and pasteurisation are effective methods of killing AI viruses. Proper vaccination of poultry has been shown to prevent HPAI virus from localising in the meat.
在过去50年里，已报告了几起人类偶发性感染特定禽流感（AI）病毒的病例。大多数感染是由来自荷兰的H7N7高致病性禽流感（HPAI）病毒（2003年）以及来自几个亚洲国家的H5N1 HPAI病毒（1997 - 2005年）引起的。流行病学研究已确定直接接触受感染家禽是人类感染的主要危险因素。在荷兰，兽医、扑杀人员和家禽养殖户因接触受感染的商业家禽而面临职业感染风险，并出现结膜炎和/或流感样疾病。在亚洲，大多数临床感染涉及在小农部门或活禽市场直接接触家禽，而非商业家禽。然而，1997年香港的血清学数据表明，无临床症状的H5N1感染与职业暴露有关。尚无人类禽流感感染病例与食用受感染或受污染的家禽产品有关。然而，HPAI病毒可存在于受感染家禽的血液、骨骼和肉中，如果生食，这些都是人类感染病毒的潜在来源。烹饪和巴氏杀菌是杀死禽流感病毒的有效方法。已证明对家禽进行适当的疫苗接种可防止HPAI病毒在肉中定位。
