Higdon Jane V, Frei Balz
Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46(2):101-23. doi: 10.1080/10408390500400009.
Coffee is a complex mixture of chemicals that provides significant amounts of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Unfiltered coffee is a significant source of cafestol and kahweol, which are diterpenes that have been implicated in the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee. The results of epidemiological research suggest that coffee consumption may help prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease and liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, coffee consumption is associated with increases in several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure and plasma homocysteine. At present, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer. For adults consuming moderate amounts of coffee (3-4 cups/d providing 300-400 mg/d of caffeine), there is little evidence of health risks and some evidence of health benefits. However, some groups, including people with hypertension, children, adolescents, and the elderly, may be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of caffeine. In addition, currently available evidence suggests that it may be prudent for pregnant women to limit coffee consumption to 3 cups/d providing no more than 300 mg/d of caffeine to exclude any increased probability of spontaneous abortion or impaired fetal growth.
咖啡是一种化学成分的复杂混合物，含有大量绿原酸和咖啡因。未经过滤的咖啡是咖啡豆醇和咖啡豆酸的重要来源，这两种二萜类物质与咖啡升高胆固醇的作用有关。流行病学研究结果表明，饮用咖啡可能有助于预防几种慢性疾病，包括2型糖尿病、帕金森病和肝病（肝硬化和肝细胞癌）。大多数前瞻性队列研究并未发现饮用咖啡与心血管疾病风险显著增加有关。然而，饮用咖啡与几种心血管疾病风险因素的增加有关，包括血压和血浆同型半胱氨酸。目前，几乎没有证据表明饮用咖啡会增加患癌风险。对于饮用适量咖啡（每天3 - 4杯，提供300 - 400毫克咖啡因）的成年人来说，几乎没有健康风险的证据，还有一些健康益处的证据。然而，一些人群，包括高血压患者、儿童、青少年和老年人，可能更容易受到咖啡因不良反应的影响。此外，目前可得的证据表明，孕妇将咖啡饮用量限制在每天3杯以内，且咖啡因摄入量不超过300毫克/天，以排除自然流产几率增加或胎儿生长受损的可能性，可能是谨慎的做法。
