Hogarth Lee, Dickinson Anthony, Hutton Sam B, Elbers Nieke, Duka Theodora
Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 May;185(4):495-504. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0287-x. Epub 2006 Mar 18.
It has been suggested that drug-paired stimuli (S+) control addictive behaviour by eliciting an explicit mental representation or expectation of drug availability.
The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis by determining whether the behavioural control exerted by a tobacco-paired S+ in human smokers would depend upon the S+ eliciting an explicit expectation of tobacco.
In each trial, human smokers (n=16) were presented with stimuli for which attention was measured with an eyetracker. Participants then reported their cigarette reward expectancy before performing, or not, an instrumental tobacco-seeking response that was rewarded with cigarette gains if the S+ had been presented or punished with cigarette losses if the S- had been presented. Following training, participants rated the pleasantness of stimuli.
The S+ only brought about conditioned behaviour in an aware group (those who expected the cigarette reward outcome when presented with the S+). This aware group allocated attention to the S+, performed the instrumental tobacco-seeking response selectively in the presence of the S+ and rated the S+ as pleasant. No conditioned behaviour was seen in the unaware group (those who did not expect the cigarette reward outcome in the presence of the S+).
Drug-paired stimuli control selective attention, instrumental drug-seeking behaviour and positive emotional state by eliciting an explicit expectation of drug availability.
有人提出，与药物配对的刺激（S+）通过引发对药物可得性的明确心理表征或预期来控制成瘾行为。
本研究的目的是通过确定在人类吸烟者中与烟草配对的S+所施加的行为控制是否取决于S+引发对烟草的明确预期，来检验这一假设。
在每次试验中，向人类吸烟者（n = 16）呈现刺激，并使用眼动仪测量其注意力。参与者随后报告他们对香烟奖励的预期，然后进行或不进行工具性的烟草寻求反应，如果呈现S+，该反应会因获得香烟而得到奖励，如果呈现S-，则会因失去香烟而受到惩罚。训练后，参与者对刺激的愉悦程度进行评分。
S+仅在有意识的组（那些在呈现S+时预期有香烟奖励结果的人）中引发了条件性行为。这个有意识的组将注意力分配到S+上，在S+出现时选择性地进行工具性的烟草寻求反应，并将S+评为愉悦。在无意识的组（那些在呈现S+时没有预期到香烟奖励结果的人）中没有观察到条件性行为。
与药物配对的刺激通过引发对药物可得性的明确预期来控制选择性注意力、工具性药物寻求行为和积极情绪状态。
