Bobak M, Gilmore A, McKee M, Rose R, Marmot M
UCL International Institute for Society and Health, University College London, London, UK.
Tob Control. 2006 Apr;15(2):131-5. doi: 10.1136/tc.2005.014274.
In Russia, smoking prevalence has historically been high in men and relatively low in women. Female smoking prevalence is predicted to rise but assessment of changes has been limited by the lack of comparable data. Changes in the prevalence of smoking in Russia between 1996 and 2004, and whether theses changes differed by sociodemographic groups, were investigated.
Repeated national interview surveys in 1996 (731 men and 868 women) and 2004 (727 men and 864 women) aged 18 years or more.
Prevalence of current smoking.
The age standardised prevalence of smoking in 1996 and 2004 was 61% and 63%, respectively in men and 15% and 16%, respectively in women (both p values > 0.4). In men, the prevalence of smoking seemed to decline in those with university education (from 51% to 40%, p = 0.085). Among women, smoking appeared to increase in those with university education (from 10% to 17%, p = 0.071) and low levels of self-reported material deprivation (from 11% to 18%, p = 0.053). There was a pronounced increase in prevalence among women living in villages (from 8% to 14%, p = 0.049); the strong urban/rural gradient seen in 1996 became considerably weaker by 2004.
Overall smoking prevalence in both men and women in Russia remained stable between 1996 and 2004 but, given the sample size, a moderate increase in female smoking cannot be ruled out. In men, smoking increased among the least educated and declined in the most educated. In women the opposite appeared to occur, in addition to an increase in smoking in rural areas. More long term monitoring of smoking patterns in Russia, especially among women, using sufficiently large surveys, is required.
在俄罗斯，吸烟率历来男性较高，女性相对较低。预计女性吸烟率将会上升，但由于缺乏可比数据，对这一变化的评估受到限制。本研究调查了1996年至2004年俄罗斯吸烟率的变化情况，以及这些变化在不同社会人口学群体中是否存在差异。
1996年（731名男性和868名女性）和2004年（727名男性和864名女性）对18岁及以上人群进行的全国重复访谈调查。
当前吸烟率。
1996年和2004年，男性年龄标准化吸烟率分别为61%和63%，女性分别为15%和16%（p值均>0.4）。在男性中，受过大学教育者的吸烟率似乎有所下降（从51%降至40%，p = 0.085）。在女性中，受过大学教育者（从10%升至17%，p = 0.071）和自我报告物质匮乏程度较低者（从11%升至18%，p = 0.053）的吸烟率似乎有所上升。居住在农村的女性吸烟率显著上升（从8%升至14%，p = 0.049）；1996年明显的城乡差异到2004年变得弱得多。
1996年至2004年，俄罗斯男性和女性的总体吸烟率保持稳定，但鉴于样本量，不能排除女性吸烟率有适度上升的可能性。在男性中，受教育程度最低者吸烟率上升，受教育程度最高者吸烟率下降。在女性中，情况似乎相反，此外农村地区吸烟率也有所上升。需要利用足够大规模的调查对俄罗斯的吸烟模式进行更长期的监测，尤其是对女性的监测。
