Vahlenkamp Thomas W, Harder Timm C
Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Institut für Molekularbiologie, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2006 Mar-Apr;119(3-4):123-31.
The natural reservoir of all known subtypes of influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, mainly of the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes in which the infection is asymptomatic and the viruses stay at an evolutionary equilibrium. However, mammals may occasionally contract influenza A virus infections from this pool. This article summarizes: (i) natural infections in mammals including pigs, horses, marine mammals, ferrets, minks; (ii) results from experimental infections in several animal models including mice, ferrets, primates, rats, minks, hamsters and (iii) evidence for the increased pathogenicity of the current influenza A H5N1/Asia viruses for mammals. Several reports have shown that a number of mammalian species, including pigs, cats, ferrets, minks, whales, seals and finally also man are susceptible to natural infection with influenza A viruses of purely avian genetic make up. Among the mammalian species naturally susceptible to avian influenza virus the pig and the cat might exert the greatest potential public health impact. Despite numerous studies in animal and cell culture models, the basis of the extended host spectrum and the unusual pathogenicity of the influenza A H5N1 viruses for mammals is only beginning to be unraveled. Recently, also the transmission of equine influenza A virus to greyhound racing dogs has been documented.
甲型流感病毒所有已知亚型的天然宿主均为水禽，主要是雁形目和鸻形目鸟类，病毒在这些鸟类中感染后无症状，且处于进化平衡状态。然而，哺乳动物偶尔也会从这个病毒库中感染甲型流感病毒。本文总结了：（i）哺乳动物（包括猪、马、海洋哺乳动物、雪貂、水貂）的自然感染情况；（ii）在几种动物模型（包括小鼠、雪貂、灵长类动物、大鼠、水貂、仓鼠）中进行实验性感染的结果；以及（iii）目前甲型H5N1/亚洲病毒对哺乳动物致病性增强的证据。多项报告表明，包括猪、猫、雪貂、水貂、鲸、海豹，最终还有人类在内的许多哺乳动物物种，都易感染具有纯禽源基因构成的甲型流感病毒。在自然易感染禽流感病毒的哺乳动物物种中，猪和猫可能对公共卫生具有最大的潜在影响。尽管在动物和细胞培养模型方面进行了大量研究，但甲型H5N1病毒宿主范围扩大及对哺乳动物具有异常致病性的基础才刚刚开始被揭示。最近，也有文献记载了甲型马流感病毒传播给灵缇赛犬的情况。
