Grave Kari, Jensen Vibeke Frøkjaer, Odensvik Kristina, Wierup Martin, Bangen Marit
Department of Food Hygiene and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
Prev Vet Med. 2006 Jul 17;75(1-2):123-32. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.02.003. Epub 2006 Apr 3.
Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) were phased out in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 1998-1999, 1995 and 1986, respectively. The annual usage of therapeutic antimicrobials in animals in Denmark almost doubled during the period when AGPs were phased out (1988-1999) and in the subsequent 2 years. The increase was mainly due to an increased consumption of therapeutic antimicrobials in weaning pigs. The annual increase in usage of therapeutic antimicrobials and the annual increase in numbers of slaughter-swine produced in Denmark correlates well, except for 1999 when AGP use was discontinued in weaning pigs, and the following year. In Norway, the usage of therapeutic antimicrobials in animals decreased by 39% from 1995 to 2000. During 2001-2003 the annual usage remained at the 2000-level. The annual numbers of slaughter-swine produced in Norway increased gradually by 10% after the AGP discontinuation (from 1995 to 2003). In Sweden, the usage of therapeutic antimicrobials in animals increased by 21% the first 2 years subsequent to the AGP ban (1986-1988), remained then constant until 1994; from 1994 to 2003 this usage declined by 47%. The initial increase was caused by increased use in broilers and in weaning piglets. The amounts used in animals in Sweden in 2003 were half of the amounts used in 1994. The annual numbers of slaughter-swine produced in Sweden declined gradually by 16% in the study period, although fluctuating. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden the number of dairy cattle and beef cattle declined only slightly in the various study periods while numbers of broilers produced increased notably, especially in Norway and Sweden. Following the termination of AGPs the total usage of antimicrobials (AGPs and therapeutic antimicrobials) in animals in Denmark declined 36% (from 1996 to 2003): in Norway this figure was 45% (from 1995 to 2003). In Sweden, the total usage of antimicrobials in animals in 2003 amounted to only one third of the amounts used in 1984 (decreased from 51 to 16 tonnes). Termination of AGPs was only a temporary risk factor for increased usage of therapeutic antimicrobials in food-animals in Sweden and Denmark; however, an exception might be usage in weaning piglets in Denmark. Furthermore, the discontinuation of AGP use has decreased the overall annual usage of antimicrobials in animals in Denmark, Norway and Sweden considerably.
抗菌促生长剂（AGPs）分别于1998 - 1999年、1995年和1986年在丹麦、挪威和瑞典逐步淘汰。在丹麦，AGPs逐步淘汰期间（1988 - 1999年）及随后两年，动物治疗用抗菌药物的年使用量几乎翻了一番。增长主要是由于断奶仔猪治疗用抗菌药物消费量增加。丹麦治疗用抗菌药物使用量的年增长与屠宰猪产量的年增长相关性良好，但1999年断奶仔猪停止使用AGP及次年除外。在挪威，1995年至2000年动物治疗用抗菌药物的使用量下降了39%。在2001 - 2003年期间，年使用量维持在2000年的水平。AGP停用后（1995年至2003年），挪威屠宰猪的年产量逐渐增加了10%。在瑞典，AGP禁令后的头两年（1986 - 1988年）动物治疗用抗菌药物的使用量增加了21%，然后一直保持稳定直到1994年；1994年至2003年，该使用量下降了47%。最初的增长是由于肉鸡和断奶仔猪使用量增加。2003年瑞典动物使用的抗菌药物量是1994年的一半。在研究期间，瑞典屠宰猪的年产量虽有波动，但逐渐下降了16%。在丹麦、挪威和瑞典，不同研究期间奶牛和肉牛数量仅略有下降，而肉鸡产量显著增加，尤其是在挪威和瑞典。AGPs停用后，丹麦动物抗菌药物（AGPs和治疗用抗菌药物）的总使用量下降了36%（1996年至2003年）；在挪威，这一数字为45%（1995年至2003年）。在瑞典，2003年动物抗菌药物的总使用量仅为1984年使用量的三分之一（从51吨降至16吨）。AGPs停用只是瑞典和丹麦食用动物治疗用抗菌药物使用量增加的一个临时风险因素；不过，丹麦断奶仔猪的使用情况可能是个例外。此外，AGP使用的停止已大幅降低了丹麦、挪威和瑞典动物抗菌药物的总体年使用量。
