Roberts Susan B, Rosenberg Irwin
The Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Physiol Rev. 2006 Apr;86(2):651-67. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2005.
Changes in energy regulation occur during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses late in life. This review synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure and on the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The ability of older adults to accurately regulate energy intake is impaired, with a number of possible explanations including delayed rate of absorption of macronutrients secondary to reductions in taste and smell acuity and numerous hormonal and metabolic mediators of energy regulation that change with aging. There are also changes in patterns of dietary intake and a reduction in the variety of foods consumed in old age that are thought to further reduce energy intake. Additionally, all components of energy expenditure decrease with aging, in particular energy expenditure for physical activity and basal metabolic rate, and the ability of energy expenditure to increase or decrease to attenuate energy imbalance during overeating or undereating also decreases. Combined, these changes result in an increased susceptibility to energy imbalance (both positive and negative) in old age that is associated with deteriorations in health. Practical interventions for prevention of weight and fat fluctuations in old age are anticipated here based on emerging knowledge of the role of such factors as dietary variety, taste, and palatability in late-life energy regulation.
能量调节的变化在正常衰老过程中发生，并导致了晚年体重和脂肪减少这一常见现象。本综述综合了与衰老相关的能量摄入和能量消耗变化以及能量摄入和消耗调节方面的数据。老年人准确调节能量摄入的能力受损，有多种可能的解释，包括由于味觉和嗅觉敏锐度下降导致的宏量营养素吸收速率延迟，以及许多随衰老而变化的能量调节激素和代谢介质。老年期的饮食摄入模式也有变化，所食用食物的种类减少，这被认为会进一步降低能量摄入。此外，能量消耗的所有组成部分都会随着衰老而减少，特别是身体活动的能量消耗和基础代谢率，并且在暴饮暴食或饮食不足期间，能量消耗增加或减少以减轻能量失衡的能力也会下降。综合起来，这些变化导致老年人对能量失衡（正向和负向）的易感性增加，而这与健康状况恶化有关。基于饮食多样性、味觉和适口性等因素在晚年能量调节中的作用的新认识，本文预期了预防老年人体重和脂肪波动的实际干预措施。
