Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Nutr Rev. 2010 Mar;68(3):148-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00270.x.
Body weight and energy balance can be maintained by adapting energy intake to changes in energy expenditure and vice versa, whereas short-term changes in energy expenditure are mainly caused by physical activity. This review investigates whether physical activity is affected by over- and undereating, whether intake is affected by an increase or a decrease in physical activity, and whether being overweight affects physical activity. The available evidence is based largely on studies that quantified physical activity with doubly labeled water. Overeating does not affect physical activity, while undereating decreases habitual or voluntary physical activity. Thus, it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight. An exercise-induced increase in energy requirement is typically compensated by increased energy intake, while a change to a more sedentary routine does not induce an equivalent reduction of intake and generally results in weight gain. Overweight and obese subjects tend to have similar activity energy expenditures to lean people despite being more sedentary. There are two ways in which the general population trend towards increasing body weight can be reversed: reduce intake or increase physical activity. The results of the present literature review indicate that eating less is the most effective method for preventing weight gain, despite the potential for a negative effect on physical activity when a negative energy balance is reached.
体重和能量平衡可以通过使能量摄入适应能量消耗的变化来维持，反之亦然，而能量消耗的短期变化主要是由身体活动引起的。本综述探讨了过度饮食和饮食不足是否会影响身体活动，身体活动的增加或减少是否会影响摄入，以及超重是否会影响身体活动。现有证据主要基于使用双标水来量化身体活动的研究。过度饮食不会影响身体活动，而饮食不足会减少习惯性或自愿性身体活动。因此，增加体重比减肥更容易。能量需求的运动诱导增加通常通过增加能量摄入来补偿，而向更久坐的生活方式的转变不会引起摄入的等效减少，并且通常会导致体重增加。超重和肥胖受试者的活动能量消耗往往与瘦人相似，尽管他们的久坐时间更多。有两种方法可以扭转一般人群体重增加的趋势：减少摄入或增加身体活动。本文献综述的结果表明，尽管当达到负能平衡时可能对身体活动产生负面影响，但少吃是预防体重增加最有效的方法。
