Mendoza Jason A, Drewnowski Adam, Cheadle Allen, Christakis Dimitri A
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1318-22. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.5.1318.
Increasing rates of childhood overweight have been linked to the rising energy density of the diet. We sought to provide temporal profiles of dietary energy density (DED) in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents < or = 19 y old and to describe associations between DED and predictors of overweight. We used a subset of data from the 1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake for Individuals (CSFII) and a multivariate regression model to determine independent associations between DED and socioeconomic and demographic variables after controlling for covariates. In this cross-sectional data set, DED was positively associated with total energy intakes and varied with both age and gender. DED increased from birth, peaked at 7-8 y of age, and then declined. Boys consumed more energy-dense diets than girls. Among children < or = 4 y old, higher DED was associated in the regression model with lower household incomes and with enrollment in the food stamp program. Among adolescents 12-19 y old, higher DED was associated with being African-American. In contrast, lower DED among children < or = 11 y old was associated with being Asian or Hispanic and with total daily consumption of fluid milk. The quality of the diet for young children, as indexed by high DED, may be adversely affected by limited household economic resources. Although food insecurity and WIC enrollment were not associated with DED in this study sample, milk consumption in children < or = 4 y old was associated with lower DED.
儿童超重率的上升与饮食能量密度的增加有关。我们试图在美国19岁及以下具有全国代表性的儿童和青少年样本中提供膳食能量密度（DED）的时间分布情况，并描述DED与超重预测因素之间的关联。我们使用了1994 - 1996年、1998年个人食物摄入量持续调查（CSFII）的数据子集以及多元回归模型，在控制协变量后确定DED与社会经济和人口统计学变量之间的独立关联。在这个横断面数据集中，DED与总能量摄入量呈正相关，并且随年龄和性别而变化。DED从出生开始上升，在7 - 8岁时达到峰值，然后下降。男孩摄入的能量密度较高的饮食比女孩多。在4岁及以下的儿童中，回归模型显示较高的DED与较低的家庭收入以及参与食品券计划有关。在12 - 19岁的青少年中，较高的DED与非裔美国人有关。相比之下，11岁及以下儿童中较低的DED与亚裔或西班牙裔以及每日液体牛奶的总消费量有关。高DED所反映的幼儿饮食质量可能会受到家庭经济资源有限的不利影响。尽管在本研究样本中，粮食不安全状况和参与妇女、婴儿和儿童营养补充计划（WIC）与DED无关，但4岁及以下儿童的牛奶消费量与较低的DED有关。
