Hibel Leah C, Granger Douglas A, Kivlighan Katie T, Blair Clancy
Behavioral Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Horm Behav. 2006 Aug;50(2):293-300. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.03.014. Epub 2006 May 6.
The purpose of the present study was to describe associations between the use of common over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications with individual differences in salivary cortisol in infants and their mothers. Participants were 1020 mothers and 852 infants (52.5% boys; ages 5.03-13.44 months) from economically disadvantaged and ethnically diverse families (38.4% African American) who donated saliva samples before, 20 and 40 min after infants participated in a series of challenging tasks. Samples (N=5616) were later assayed for cortisol. Medication information was content analyzed separately for infants (e.g., teething gels, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, decongestants) and mothers (e.g., narcotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, contraceptives, glucocorticoids). A large percentage of infants (44%) and the majority of mothers (57.5%) had used at least one medication (range 0-4) in the previous 48 h. Most frequent were acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) and cold medications (e.g., decongestants) for infants and contraceptives and acetaminophen for mothers. Compared to infants not taking any medications, cortisol reactivity to the challenge tasks was less pronounced for infants taking acetaminophen. Cortisol levels were higher for mothers taking oral or transdermal contraceptives and acetylsalicylic acid (e.g., Aspirin) but lower for mothers taking pure agonist opioids (e.g., Oxycontin) compared to mothers not taking any medications. These medication-related differences remained significant after controlling for sampling time, fever, maternal anxiety and depression, infant temperament, ethnicity, SES, and health status. Recommendations are provided to steer investigators clear of these potential sources of unsystematic error variance in salivary cortisol.
本研究的目的是描述常用非处方药(OTC)和处方药的使用与婴儿及其母亲唾液皮质醇个体差异之间的关联。研究参与者为1020名母亲和852名婴儿(52.5%为男孩;年龄在5.03 - 13.44个月之间),来自经济弱势且种族多样的家庭(38.4%为非裔美国人),他们在婴儿参与一系列具有挑战性的任务之前、之后20分钟和40分钟捐赠了唾液样本。随后对5616份样本进行了皮质醇检测。分别对婴儿(如出牙凝胶、非甾体抗炎药、对乙酰氨基酚、减充血剂)和母亲(如麻醉药、抗抑郁药、抗精神病药、避孕药、糖皮质激素)的用药信息进行了内容分析。很大比例的婴儿(44%)和大多数母亲(57.5%)在之前48小时内使用过至少一种药物(范围为0 - 4种)。婴儿最常使用的药物是对乙酰氨基酚(如泰诺林)和感冒药(如减充血剂),母亲最常使用的药物是避孕药和对乙酰氨基酚。与未服用任何药物的婴儿相比,服用对乙酰氨基酚的婴儿对挑战任务的皮质醇反应性不太明显。与未服用任何药物的母亲相比,服用口服或透皮避孕药以及乙酰水杨酸(如阿司匹林)的母亲皮质醇水平较高,但服用纯激动剂阿片类药物(如奥施康定)的母亲皮质醇水平较低。在控制了采样时间、发烧、母亲焦虑和抑郁、婴儿气质、种族、社会经济地位(SES)和健康状况后,这些与药物相关的差异仍然显著。本研究提供了相关建议,以帮助研究人员避免唾液皮质醇中这些潜在的非系统误差方差来源。