Granger Douglas A, Blair Clancy, Willoughby Michael, Kivlighan Katie T, Hibel Leah C, Fortunato Christine K, Wiegand Lauren E
Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Dev Psychobiol. 2007 Nov;49(7):692-701. doi: 10.1002/dev.20247.
Tobacco smoke exposure affects the activity of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Statistics reveal 41 million children in the U.S. are regularly exposed to tobacco smoke, but we know little about the effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on HPA and SNS activity in early childhood. This study assayed cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine), cortisol, and alpha-amylase (sAA) in the saliva of mother-infant dyads from 197 low income and ethnically diverse families. The dyads were identified as tobacco smoke exposed (N = 82) or nonexposed (N = 115) based on maternal self-reports of smoking and salivary cotinine levels greater or less than 10 ng/ml. As expected, higher rates of maternal smoking behavior were associated with higher levels of cotinine in mothers' and their infants' saliva. On average, smoking mothers' salivary cotinine levels were 281 times higher compared to their nonsmoking counterparts, and 23 times higher compared to their own infant's salivary cotinine levels. Infants of smoking mothers had salivary cotinine levels that were four times higher than infants with nonsmoking mothers. Mothers who smoked had higher salivary cortisol levels and lower sAA activity compared to nonsmoking mothers. There were no associations between maternal smoking behavior, infant's salivary cotinine levels, or tobacco exposure group, and cortisol or sAA measured in infant's saliva. The findings are discussed in relation to the influence of smoking tobacco on the validity of salivary biomarkers of stress.
接触烟草烟雾会影响下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺（HPA）轴和交感神经系统（SNS）的活性。统计数据显示，美国有4100万儿童经常接触烟草烟雾，但我们对环境烟草烟雾暴露对幼儿期HPA和SNS活性的影响知之甚少。本研究对来自197个低收入且种族多样家庭的母婴二元组的唾液中的可替宁（尼古丁的一种代谢物）、皮质醇和α - 淀粉酶（sAA）进行了检测。根据母亲对吸烟情况的自我报告以及唾液中可替宁水平高于或低于10 ng/ml，将二元组分为接触烟草烟雾组（N = 82）或未接触组（N = 115）。正如预期的那样，母亲吸烟行为的发生率越高，母亲及其婴儿唾液中的可替宁水平就越高。平均而言，吸烟母亲的唾液可替宁水平比不吸烟的母亲高281倍，比自己婴儿的唾液可替宁水平高23倍。吸烟母亲的婴儿唾液中的可替宁水平比不吸烟母亲的婴儿高四倍。与不吸烟的母亲相比，吸烟的母亲唾液皮质醇水平更高，sAA活性更低。母亲吸烟行为、婴儿唾液可替宁水平或烟草暴露组与婴儿唾液中测量的皮质醇或sAA之间没有关联。本文结合吸烟对唾液应激生物标志物有效性的影响对研究结果进行了讨论。
