Chauzat Marie-Pierre, Faucon Jean-Paul, Martel Anne-Claire, Lachaize Julie, Cougoule Nicolas, Aubert Michel
Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Les Templiers, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
J Econ Entomol. 2006 Apr;99(2):253-62. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-99.2.253.
In 2002, a field survey was initiated on French apiaries to monitor weakness of honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies. Apiaries were evenly distributed in five sites located on continental France. Five colonies were randomly selected in each apiary, leading to a total of 125 studied honey bee colonies. For 3 yr (starting in autumn 2002), colonies were visited four times per year: after winter, before summer, during summer, and before winter. Pollen loads from traps were collected at each visit. Multiresidue analyses were performed in pollen to search residues of 36 different molecules. Specific analyses were conducted to search fipronil and metabolites and also imidacloprid and metabolites. Residues of 19 searched compounds were found in samples. Contamination by pesticides ranged from 50 to 0%. Coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate residues were the most concentrated of all residues (mean concentrations were 925.0 and 487.2 microg/kg, respectively). Fipronil and metabolite contents were superior to the limit of detection in 16 samples. Residues of fipronil were found in 10 samples. Nine samples contained the sulfone compound, and three samples contained the desulfinyl compound. Residues of imidacloprid and 6-chloronicotinic acid were found in 69% of samples. Imidacloprid contents were quantified in 11 samples with values ranging from 1.1 to 5.7 microg/kg. 6-Chloronicotinic acid content was superior to the limit of quantification in 28 samples with values ranging from 0.6 to 9.3 microg/kg. Statistical tests showed no difference between places of sampling with the exception of fipronil. Possible origins of these contaminations, concentration and toxicity of pesticides, and the possible consequences for bees are discussed.
2002年，在法国的养蜂场开展了一项实地调查，以监测意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）蜂群的衰弱情况。养蜂场均匀分布在法国大陆的五个地点。每个养蜂场随机选取五个蜂群，共计125个被研究的蜂群。在3年时间里（从2002年秋季开始），每年对蜂群进行四次探访：冬季过后、夏季之前、夏季期间以及冬季之前。每次探访时收集诱捕器中的花粉样本。对花粉进行多残留分析，以检测36种不同化合物的残留。还进行了专项分析，以检测氟虫腈及其代谢物以及吡虫啉及其代谢物。在样本中发现了19种所检测化合物的残留。农药污染范围为50%至0%。蝇毒磷和高效氟氯氰菊酯的残留量在所有残留中最为集中（平均浓度分别为925.0和487.2微克/千克）。16个样本中的氟虫腈及其代谢物含量高于检测限。在10个样本中发现了氟虫腈残留。9个样本含有砜类化合物，3个样本含有脱亚砜基化合物。69%的样本中发现了吡虫啉和6-氯烟酸的残留。对11个样本中的吡虫啉含量进行了定量，其值在1.1至5.7微克/千克之间。28个样本中的6-氯烟酸含量高于定量限，其值在0.6至9.3微克/千克之间。统计测试表明，除氟虫腈外，各采样地点之间无差异。讨论了这些污染的可能来源、农药的浓度和毒性以及对蜜蜂可能产生的后果。
