Glaser A L, Chirnside E D, Horzinek M C, de Vries A A
Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Theriogenology. 1997 Apr 15;47(6):1275-95. doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00107-6.
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a small, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus, in the family Arteriviridae , W.H.ich can infect both horses and donkeys. While the majority of EAV infections are asymptomatic, acutely infected animals may develop a wide range of clinical signs, including pyrexia, limb and ventral edema, depression, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. The virus may cause abortion and has caused mortality in neonates. After natural EAV infection, most horses develop a solid, long-term immunity to the disease. Marzz and geldings eliminate the virus within 60 days, but 30 to 60% of acutely infected stallions will become persistently infected. These persistently infected animals maintain EAV within the reproductive tract, shed virus continuously in the semen, and can transmit the virus venereally. Mares infected venereally may not have clinical signs, but they shed large amounts of virus in nasopharyngeal secretions and in urine, which may result in lateral spread of the infection by an aerosol route. The consequences of venereally acquired infection are minimal, with no known effects on conception rate, but mares infected at a late stages of gestation may abort. Identification of carrier stallions is crucial to control the dissemination of EAV. The stallions can be identified by serological screening using a virus neutralization (VN) test. If positive at a titer of >/= 1:4, the stallion should be tested for persistent infection by virus isolation from the sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate, or by test mating Shedding stallions should not be used for breeding, or should be bred only to mares seropositive from a natural infection or from vaccination, the mares should be subsequently isolated from seronegative horses for three weeks after natural or artificial insemination. A live attenuated (ARVAC) and a formalin-inactivated (ARTERVAC) vaccine are available. Both vaccines induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, the presence of which correlates with protection from disease, abortion, and the development of a persistent infection. Serological investigations indicate that EAV has a worldwide distribution and that its prevalence is increasing. As a consequence, an increasing number of equine viral arteritis (EVA) outbreaks is being reported. This trend is likely to continue unless action is taken to slow or halt the transmission of this agent through semen.
马动脉炎病毒（EAV）是一种小型、有包膜的正链RNA病毒，属于动脉炎病毒科，可感染马和驴。虽然大多数EAV感染无症状，但急性感染的动物可能会出现多种临床症状，包括发热、肢体和腹部水肿、抑郁、鼻炎和结膜炎。该病毒可能导致流产，并已导致新生儿死亡。自然感染EAV后，大多数马会对该疾病产生稳固的长期免疫力。母马和阉马在60天内清除病毒，但30%至60%的急性感染种公马会持续感染。这些持续感染的动物在生殖道内维持EAV，精液中持续排毒，并可通过性传播病毒。经性传播感染的母马可能没有临床症状，但它们会在鼻咽分泌物和尿液中大量排毒，这可能导致感染通过气溶胶途径横向传播。性传播感染的后果很小，对受孕率没有已知影响，但在妊娠后期感染的母马可能会流产。识别携带病毒的种公马对于控制EAV的传播至关重要。可以通过使用病毒中和（VN）试验进行血清学筛查来识别种公马。如果滴度>/=1:4呈阳性，则应通过从射精富含精子部分进行病毒分离或通过试配来检测种公马是否持续感染。排毒的种公马不应用于繁殖，或仅应与自然感染或接种疫苗后血清呈阳性的母马交配，在自然或人工授精后，母马应随后与血清阴性的马隔离三周。有减毒活疫苗（ARVAC）和福尔马林灭活疫苗（ARTERVAC）可用。两种疫苗都能诱导病毒中和抗体，其存在与预防疾病、流产和持续感染的发生相关。血清学调查表明，EAV在全球范围内分布，其流行率正在上升。因此，报告的马病毒性动脉炎（EVA）疫情越来越多。除非采取行动减缓或阻止该病原体通过精液传播，这种趋势可能会持续下去。
