Kind Karen L, Moore Vivienne M, Davies Michael J
Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Level 4, Maternity, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011.
Reprod Biomed Online. 2006 May;12(5):532-41. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61178-9.
Substrate supply to the fetus is a major regulator of prenatal growth. Maternal nutrition influences the availability of nutrients for transfer to the fetus. Animal experiments demonstrate that restriction of maternal protein or energy intake can retard fetal growth. Effects of maternal nutrition vary with the type and timing of the restriction and the species studied. Maternal undernutrition before conception and/or in early pregnancy can alter fetal physiology in late gestation, and influence postnatal function, often without measurable effects on birth size. In contrast, to date, observational and intervention studies in humans provide limited support for a major role of maternal nutrition in determining birth size, except where women are quite malnourished. However, recent studies report associations between newborn size and the balance of macronutrients in women's diets in Western settings. Associations between maternal dietary composition and adult blood pressure of the offspring are also reported in human populations. Most studies in women have focused on dietary content or supplementation during mid-late pregnancy. Further investigation of how maternal dietary composition, before conception and throughout pregnancy, affects fetal physiology and health of the baby will increase the understanding of how maternal diet and nutritional status influence fetal, neonatal and longer-term outcomes.
向胎儿提供底物是产前生长的主要调节因素。母体营养会影响营养物质向胎儿转移的可用性。动物实验表明，限制母体蛋白质或能量摄入会阻碍胎儿生长。母体营养的影响因限制的类型和时间以及所研究的物种而异。受孕前和/或怀孕早期的母体营养不良会改变妊娠后期的胎儿生理，并影响出生后的功能，通常对出生体重没有可测量的影响。相比之下，迄今为止，人类的观察性和干预性研究对母体营养在决定出生体重方面的主要作用提供的支持有限，除非女性营养不良。然而，最近的研究报告了西方环境中新生儿大小与女性饮食中宏量营养素平衡之间的关联。人群研究中也报告了母体饮食组成与后代成人血压之间的关联。大多数针对女性的研究都集中在妊娠中后期的饮食内容或补充剂上。进一步研究受孕前和整个孕期母体饮食组成如何影响胎儿生理和婴儿健康，将增进对母体饮食和营养状况如何影响胎儿、新生儿及长期结局的理解。
