Mulligan Neil W, Lozito Jeffrey P, Rosner Zachary A
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2006 Jul;32(4):836-46. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.4.836.
Generation enhances memory for occurrence but may not enhance other aspects of memory. The present study further delineates the negative generation effect in context memory reported in N. W. Mulligan (2004). First, the negative generation effect occurred for perceptual attributes of the target item (its color and font) but not for extratarget aspects of context (location and background color). Second, nonvisual generation tasks with either semantic or nonsemantic generation rules (antonym and rhyme generation, respectively) produced the same pattern of results. In contrast, a visual (or data-driven) generation task (letter transposition) did not disrupt context memory for color. Third, generating nonwords produced no effect on item memory but persisted in producing a negative effect on context memory for target attributes, implying that (a) the negative generation effect in context memory is not mediated by semantic encoding, and (b) the negative effect on context memory can be dissociated from the positive effect on item memory. The results are interpreted in terms of the processing account of generation. The original, perceptual-conceptual version of this account is too narrow, but a modified processing account, based on a more generic visual versus nonvisual processing distinction, accommodates the results.
生成增强了对事件发生的记忆，但可能不会增强记忆的其他方面。本研究进一步阐述了N. W. 马利根（2004年）报告的情境记忆中的负生成效应。首先，负生成效应出现在目标项目的感知属性（其颜色和字体）上，而不是情境的目标外方面（位置和背景颜色）上。其次，具有语义或非语义生成规则（分别为反义词和押韵生成）的非视觉生成任务产生了相同的结果模式。相比之下，视觉（或数据驱动）生成任务（字母换位）并没有破坏对颜色的情境记忆。第三，生成非单词对项目记忆没有影响，但对目标属性的情境记忆持续产生负面影响，这意味着（a）情境记忆中的负生成效应不是由语义编码介导的，（b）对情境记忆的负面影响可以与对项目记忆的正面影响区分开来。研究结果根据生成的加工理论进行了解释。该理论最初的感知 - 概念版本过于狭隘，但基于更一般的视觉与非视觉加工区分的修正加工理论能够解释这些结果。
