Circumpolar phylogeography of Juncus biglumis (Juncaceae) inferred from AFLP fingerprints, cpDNA sequences, nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers.

We explored the circumpolar phylogeographic history of the arctic-alpine Juncus biglumis using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), sequences of cpDNA, relative nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers. The analyses of the AFLP and cpDNA data gave congruent results and revealed three distinct clades. One of them, represented by a single population from the Taymyr peninsula in northern Siberia, had approximately fourfold larger genome size than the other samples and produced an AFLP pattern that was too aberrant to be analysed together with the rest of the data set. The two other clades represented different ploidy levels (2n = 60 and 120) as judged from chromosome counts of selected populations but differed only in c. 6% relative DNA content. Based on the AFLP and partly also on the cpDNA data, each of the two main clades was further subdivided into two well-supported subgroups. Three of the subgroups were widespread and exhibited largely overlapping distribution patterns. The fourth subgroup seems to be absent from the North Atlantic region and from western Siberia. We suggest that the four subgroups diverged during isolation in different glacial refugia during the Quaternary. Interestingly, individuals of both main clades were encountered in geographically close populations in eastern Greenland and even within a single population from Svalbard, indicating that both areas were colonised at least twice. The different genome sizes and ploidy levels strongly suggest that the three main clades represent distinct gene pools and act as cryptic species.