Leary Mark R
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:317-44. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658.
Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and emotions appear to function to protect people's social well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions arise in response to events that have real or imagined implications for others' judgments of the individual. Thus, these motives and emotions do not operate to maintain certain states of the self, as some have suggested, but rather to facilitate people's social interactions and relationships.
本文回顾了近期关于自我相关动机（自我提升、自我验证和自我扩展）和自我意识情绪（内疚、羞耻、自豪、社交焦虑和尴尬）的理论与研究，重点关注自我的这些动机和情感方面可能存在的关联。具体而言，这些动机和情绪似乎起到保护人们社会福祉的作用。自我提升、自我验证和自我扩展的动机部分源于人们对社会认可和接纳的关注，而自我意识情绪则是因对他人对个体的评判有实际或想象影响的事件而产生。因此，这些动机和情绪并非如一些人所认为的那样，是为了维持自我的某些状态，而是为了促进人们的社会互动和人际关系。
