Tangney June Price, Stuewig Jeff, Mashek Debra J
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:345-72. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145.
Moral emotions represent a key element of our human moral apparatus, influencing the link between moral standards and moral behavior. This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions. We first focus on a triad of negatively valenced "self-conscious" emotions-shame, guilt, and embarrassment. As in previous decades, much research remains focused on shame and guilt. We review current thinking on the distinction between shame and guilt, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two moral emotions. Several new areas of research are highlighted: research on the domain-specific phenomenon of body shame, styles of coping with shame, psychobiological aspects of shame, the link between childhood abuse and later proneness to shame, and the phenomena of vicarious or "collective" experiences of shame and guilt. In recent years, the concept of moral emotions has been expanded to include several positive emotions-elevation, gratitude, and the sometimes morally relevant experience of pride. Finally, we discuss briefly a morally relevant emotional process-other-oriented empathy.
道德情感是人类道德机制的关键要素，影响着道德标准与道德行为之间的联系。本章回顾了当前关于道德情感的理论和研究。我们首先聚焦于一组具有负性效价的“自我意识”情感——羞耻、内疚和尴尬。与过去几十年一样，许多研究仍集中在羞耻和内疚上。我们回顾了当前关于羞耻和内疚区别的思考，以及这两种道德情感的相对优缺点。文中突出了几个新的研究领域：对身体羞耻这一特定领域现象的研究、应对羞耻的方式、羞耻的心理生物学方面、童年虐待与后期羞耻倾向之间的联系，以及羞耻和内疚的替代性或“集体”体验现象。近年来，道德情感的概念已扩展至包括几种积极情感——振奋、感恩以及有时与道德相关的自豪体验。最后，我们简要讨论一个与道德相关的情感过程——他人导向的同理心。
