Treatment of dystonia.

Dystonia, defined as a neurological syndrome characterised by involuntary, patterned, sustained, or repetitive muscle contractions of opposing muscles, causing twisting movements and abnormal postures, is one of the most disabling movement disorders. Although gene mutations and other causes are increasingly recognised, most patients have primary dystonia without a specific cause. Although pathogenesis-targeted treatment is still elusive, the currently available symptomatic treatment strategies are quite effective for some types of dystonia in relieving involuntary movements, correcting abnormal posture, preventing contractures, reducing pain, and improving function and quality of life. A small portion of patients have a known cause and respond to specific treatments, such as levodopa in dopa-responsive dystonia or drugs that prevent copper accumulation in Wilson's disease. Therapeutic options must be tailored to the needs of individual patients and include chemodenervation with botulinum toxin injections for patients with focal or segmental dystonia, and medical treatments or deep brain stimulation for patients with generalised dystonia.