Ekman Paul, O'Sullivan Maureen
University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Behav Sci Law. 2006;24(5):673-86. doi: 10.1002/bsl.729.
Malingering occupies a range on a continuum from biased self-perception to conscious, deliberate, serious lies. One aspect of this continuum is the element of self-conscious or deliberate control. Suggestions from Darwin's writings concerning the role of voluntary and involuntary activation of the facial muscles are examined and illustrated with data from a 40 year program of research on deception. The impact of the voluntary-involuntary distinction on the appearance, timing, symmetry and cohesion of facial expressions of emotion is explained. Data relevant to changes in vocal and gestural aspects of demeanor in honest and deceptive behavior are also reviewed. The relevance of these laboratory-based findings on the voluntary control of nonverbal behavior in assessing some types of malingering is discussed.
诈病处于一个连续体范围内，从有偏差的自我认知到有意识、蓄意、严重的谎言。这个连续体的一个方面是自我意识或蓄意控制的要素。本文研究了达尔文著作中关于面部肌肉自愿和非自愿激活作用的观点，并用一项长达40年的欺骗研究项目的数据进行了说明。解释了自愿与非自愿的区别对情绪面部表情的外观、时间、对称性和连贯性的影响。还回顾了与诚实和欺骗行为中行为举止的语音和手势方面变化相关的数据。讨论了这些基于实验室的关于非言语行为自愿控制的研究结果在评估某些类型诈病方面的相关性。
