美国的石房蛤毒素河豚中毒事件，首次报告巴哈马梨甲藻为假定毒素来源。
Saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning in the United States, with the first report of Pyrodinium bahamense as the putative toxin source.
作者信息
Landsberg Jan H, Hall Sherwood, Johannessen Jan N, White Kevin D, Conrad Stephen M, Abbott Jay P, Flewelling Leanne J, Richardson R William, Dickey Robert W, Jester Edward L E, Etheridge Stacey M, Deeds Jonathan R, Van Dolah Frances M, Leighfield Tod A, Zou Yinglin, Beaudry Clarke G, Benner Ronald A, Rogers Patricia L, Scott Paula S, Kawabata Kenji, Wolny Jennifer L, Steidinger Karen A
机构信息
Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct;114(10):1502-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8998.
BACKGROUND
From January 2002 to May 2004, 28 puffer fish poisoning (PFP) cases in Florida, New Jersey, Virginia, and New York were linked to the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) in Florida. Saxitoxins (STXs) of unknown source were first identified in fillet remnants from a New Jersey PFP case in 2002.
METHODS
We used the standard mouse bioassay (MBA), receptor binding assay (RBA), mouse neuroblastoma cytotoxicity assay (MNCA), Ridascreen ELISA, MIST Alert assay, HPLC, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to determine the presence of STX, decarbamoyl STX (dc-STX), and N-sulfocarbamoyl (B1) toxin in puffer fish tissues, clonal cultures, and natural bloom samples of Pyrodinium bahamense from the IRL.
RESULTS
We found STXs in 516 IRL southern (Sphoeroides nephelus), checkered (Sphoeroides testudineus), and bandtail (Sphoeroides spengleri) puffer fish. During 36 months of monitoring, we detected STXs in skin, muscle, and viscera, with concentrations up to 22,104 microg STX equivalents (eq)/100 g tissue (action level, 80 microg STX eq/100 g tissue) in ovaries. Puffer fish tissues, clonal cultures, and natural bloom samples of P. bahamense from the IRL tested toxic in the MBA, RBA, MNCA, Ridascreen ELISA, and MIST Alert assay and positive for STX, dc-STX, and B1 toxin by HPLC and LC-MS. Skin mucus of IRL southern puffer fish captive for 1-year was highly toxic compared to Florida Gulf coast puffer fish. Therefore, we confirm puffer fish to be a hazardous reservoir of STXs in Florida's marine waters and implicate the dinoflagellate P. bahamense as the putative toxin source.
CONCLUSIONS
Associated with fatal paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in the Pacific but not known to be toxic in the western Atlantic, P. bahamense is an emerging public health threat. We propose characterizing this food poisoning syndrome as saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning (SPFP) to distinguish it from PFP, which is traditionally associated with tetrodotoxin, and from PSP caused by STXs in shellfish.
背景
2002年1月至2004年5月，佛罗里达州、新泽西州、弗吉尼亚州和纽约州的28例河豚中毒（PFP）病例与佛罗里达州的印度河泻湖（IRL）有关。2002年，在新泽西州一例PFP病例的鱼片残渣中首次发现来源不明的石房蛤毒素（STXs）。
方法
我们使用标准小鼠生物测定法（MBA）、受体结合测定法（RBA）、小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞毒性测定法（MNCA）、Ridascreen酶联免疫吸附测定法、MIST Alert测定法、高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和液相色谱 - 质谱联用（LC - MS）来测定IRL中河豚组织、克隆培养物以及巴哈马梨甲藻自然水华中STX、脱氨甲酰基STX（dc - STX）和N - 磺基甲酰基（B1）毒素的存在情况。
结果
我们在516条IRL南部（黑点叉鼻鲀）、花斑（玳瑁叉鼻鲀）和带尾（斯氏叉鼻鲀）河豚中发现了STXs。在36个月的监测期间，我们在皮肤、肌肉和内脏中检测到了STXs，卵巢中的浓度高达22,104微克STX当量（eq）/100克组织（行动水平为80微克STX eq/100克组织）。IRL中的河豚组织、克隆培养物以及巴哈马梨甲藻的自然水华样本在MBA、RBA、MNCA、Ridascreen酶联免疫吸附测定法和MIST Alert测定法中检测呈毒性，通过HPLC和LC - MS检测STX、dc - STX和B1毒素呈阳性。与佛罗里达湾沿岸河豚相比，圈养1年的IRL南部河豚的皮肤黏液毒性极高。因此，我们确认河豚是佛罗里达海水域中STXs的危险储存库，并认为巴哈马梨甲藻是推定的毒素来源。
结论
巴哈马梨甲藻在太平洋与致命的麻痹性贝类中毒（PSP）相关，但在西大西洋未知有毒，它是一种新出现的公共卫生威胁。我们建议将这种食物中毒综合征称为石房蛤毒素河豚中毒（SPFP），以将其与传统上与河豚毒素相关的PFP以及由贝类中的STXs引起的PSP区分开来。
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