Gilboa Asaf, Winocur Gordon, Rosenbaum R Shayna, Poreh Amir, Gao Fuqiang, Black Sandra E, Westmacott Robyn, Moscovitch Morris
Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel.
Hippocampus. 2006;16(11):966-80. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20226.
Lesions restricted to the hippocampal formation and/or extended hippocampal system (hippocampal formation, fornix, mammillary bodies, and anterior thalamic nuclei) can disrupt conscious recollection in anterograde amnesia, while leaving familiarity-based memory relatively intact. Familiarity may be supported by extra-hippocampal medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Within-task dissociations in recognition memory best exemplify this distinction in anterograde amnesia. The authors report for the first time comparable dissociations within recognition memory in retrograde amnesia. An amnesic patient (A.D.) with bilateral fornix and septal nuclei lesions failed to recognize details pertaining to personal past events only when recollection was required, during recognition of episodic details. His intact recognition of generic and semantic details pertaining to the same events was ascribed to intact familiarity processes. Recollective processes in the controls were reflected by asymmetrical Receiver's Operating Characteristic curves, whereas the patient's Receiver's Operating Characteristic was symmetrical, suggesting that his inferior recognition performance on episodic details was reliant on familiarity processes. Anterograde and retrograde memories were equally affected, with no temporal gradient for retrograde memories. By comparison, another amnesic person (K.C.) with extensive MTL damage (involving extra-hippocampal MTL structures in addition to hippocampal and fornix lesions) had very poor recognition and no recollection of either episodic or generic/semantic details. These data suggest that the extended hippocampal system is required to support recollection for both anterograde and retrograde memories, regardless of their age.
局限于海马结构和/或扩展海马系统（海马结构、穹窿、乳头体和丘脑前核）的损伤会破坏顺行性遗忘中的意识回忆，而基于熟悉度的记忆则相对完好。熟悉度可能由海马旁内侧颞叶（MTL）结构支持。识别记忆中的任务内分离最能体现顺行性遗忘中的这种区别。作者首次报告了逆行性遗忘中识别记忆内类似的分离情况。一名患有双侧穹窿和隔核损伤的遗忘症患者（A.D.），在识别情景细节时，仅在需要回忆时无法识别与个人过去事件相关的细节。他对同一事件的一般和语义细节的完整识别归因于完整的熟悉度过程。对照组的回忆过程通过不对称的接受者操作特征曲线反映出来，而患者的接受者操作特征是对称的，这表明他在情景细节上较差的识别表现依赖于熟悉度过程。顺行性和逆行性记忆受到同等影响，逆行性记忆没有时间梯度。相比之下，另一名患有广泛MTL损伤（除海马和穹窿损伤外，还涉及海马旁MTL结构）的遗忘症患者（K.C.）识别能力很差，对情景或一般/语义细节均无回忆。这些数据表明，无论顺行性和逆行性记忆的时间跨度如何，扩展海马系统对于支持它们的回忆都是必需的。
