Panagopoulos Dimitris J, Chavdoula Evangelia D, Nezis Ioannis P, Margaritis Lukas H
Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece.
Mutat Res. 2007 Jan 10;626(1-2):69-78. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.008. Epub 2006 Oct 11.
In the present study, the TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay--a well known technique widely used for detecting fragmented DNA in various types of cells--was used to detect cell death (DNA fragmentation) in a biological model, the early and mid stages of oogenesis of the insect Drosophila melanogaster. The flies were exposed in vivo to either GSM 900-MHz (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) or DCS 1800-MHz (Digital Cellular System) radiation from a common digital mobile phone, for few minutes per day during the first 6 days of their adult life. The exposure conditions were similar to those to which a mobile phone user is exposed, and were determined according to previous studies of ours [D.J. Panagopoulos, A. Karabarbounis, L.H. Margaritis, Effect of GSM 900-MHz mobile phone radiation on the reproductive capacity of D. melanogaster, Electromagn. Biol. Med. 23 (1) (2004) 29-43; D.J. Panagopoulos, N. Messini, A. Karabarbounis, A.L. Philippetis, L.H. Margaritis, Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation within "safety levels" alters the physiological function of insects, in: P. Kostarakis, P. Stavroulakis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Millennium International Workshop on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, October 17-20, 2000, pp. 169-175, ISBN: 960-86733-0-5; D.J. Panagopoulos, L.H. Margaritis, Effects of electromagnetic fields on the reproductive capacity of D. melanogaster, in: P. Stavroulakis (Ed.), Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Springer, 2003, pp. 545-578], which had shown a large decrease in the oviposition of the same insect caused by GSM radiation. Our present results suggest that the decrease in oviposition previously reported, is due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambers after DNA fragmentation of their constituent cells, induced by both types of mobile telephony radiation. Induced cell death is recorded for the first time, in all types of cells constituting an egg chamber (follicle cells, nurse cells and the oocyte) and in all stages of the early and mid-oogenesis, from germarium to stage 10, during which programmed cell death does not physiologically occur. Germarium and stages 7-8 were found to be the most sensitive developmental stages also in response to electromagnetic stress induced by the GSM and DCS fields and, moreover, germarium was found to be even more sensitive than stages 7-8.
在本研究中，TUNEL（末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记）检测法——一种广泛用于检测各类细胞中DNA片段化的知名技术——被用于检测生物模型（昆虫黑腹果蝇卵子发生的早期和中期）中的细胞死亡（DNA片段化）。在果蝇成年后的前6天，每天让其在体内暴露于普通数字移动电话发出的GSM 900兆赫兹（全球移动通信系统）或DCS 1800兆赫兹（数字蜂窝系统）辐射下几分钟。暴露条件与手机用户的暴露条件相似，且是根据我们之前的研究确定的[D.J. 帕纳戈普洛斯、A. 卡拉巴尔布尼斯、L.H. 马尔加里蒂斯，GSM 900兆赫兹手机辐射对黑腹果蝇生殖能力的影响，《电磁生物学与医学》23 (1) (2004) 29 - 43；D.J. 帕纳戈普洛斯、N. 梅西尼、A. 卡拉巴尔布尼斯、A.L. 菲利普佩蒂斯、L.H. 马尔加里蒂斯，“安全水平”内的射频电磁辐射会改变昆虫的生理功能，载于：P. 科斯塔拉基斯、P. 斯塔夫鲁拉基斯（编），《电磁场生物效应千年国际研讨会论文集》，希腊克里特岛伊拉克利翁，2000年10月17 - 20日，第169 - 175页，ISBN：960 - 86733 - 0 - 5；D.J. 帕纳戈普洛斯、L.H. 马尔加里蒂斯，电磁场对黑腹果蝇生殖能力的影响，载于：P. 斯塔夫鲁拉基斯（编），《电磁场的生物效应》，施普林格出版社，2003年，第545 - 578页]，这些研究表明GSM辐射会导致同一昆虫的产卵量大幅下降。我们目前的结果表明，先前报道的产卵量下降是由于两种类型的移动电话辐射诱导其组成细胞发生DNA片段化后，大量卵室退化所致。首次记录到在构成卵室的所有类型细胞（卵泡细胞、滋养细胞和卵母细胞）以及卵子发生早期和中期的所有阶段（从生殖腺到第10阶段）都有诱导细胞死亡现象，而在此期间生理性的程序性细胞死亡并不会发生。生殖腺以及第7 - 8阶段被发现也是对GSM和DCS场诱导的电磁应激最敏感的发育阶段，此外，生殖腺被发现比第7 - 8阶段更敏感。
