Teresi Jeanne A
Columbia University Stroud Center and Faculty of Medicine and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Research Division, Hebrew Home for the Aged at Riverdale, Riverdale, New York, USA.
Med Care. 2006 Nov;44(11 Suppl 3):S152-70. doi: 10.1097/01.mlr.0000245142.74628.ab.
Reviewed in this article are topics related to the study of invariance and differential item functioning (DIF) that have received relatively little attention in the literature. Several factors influence DIF detection; these include (1) model fit, (2) model assumptions, (3) disability distributions, (4) purification, (5) cutoff values for magnitude measures, and (6) sample and scale size.
Approaches to DIF detection are discussed in terms of model assumptions, purification, magnitude and impact, and possible advantages and disadvantages of each method.
An integrated approach to the examination of measurement equivalence, invariance, and DIF is necessary for measurement in an increasingly multi-ethnic society. Ideally, qualitative analyses should be performed in an iterative fashion to inform about findings of DIF. However, if an already-developed measure is being evaluated, then the steps might be to focus first on dimensional invariance using factor analytic methods, followed by DIF analyses examining both significance and magnitude of DIF, accompanied by formal tests of the impact of DIF. The DIF analytic method selected in the second step might be determined based on the findings summarized in the table presented within this paper.
本文回顾了在文献中相对较少受到关注的与不变性和项目功能差异（DIF）研究相关的主题。有几个因素会影响DIF检测；这些因素包括：（1）模型拟合；（2）模型假设；（3）残疾分布；（4）净化；（5）幅度测量的临界值；以及（6）样本和量表规模。
从模型假设、净化、幅度和影响以及每种方法可能的优缺点等方面讨论了DIF检测方法。
在一个日益多民族的社会中进行测量时，需要一种综合的方法来检验测量等价性、不变性和DIF。理想情况下，定性分析应以迭代方式进行，以便为DIF的研究结果提供信息。然而，如果正在评估一个已经开发好的测量工具，那么步骤可能是首先使用因子分析方法关注维度不变性，然后进行DIF分析，检查DIF的显著性和幅度，并对DIF的影响进行正式测试。第二步中选择的DIF分析方法可能基于本文所呈现表格中总结的研究结果来确定。
