de Lange Ronald, van Rooij Lex, Mooi Herman, Wismans Jac
TNO Science and Industry, Business Unit Automotive, 2600 JA, Delft, The Netherlands.
Stapp Car Crash J. 2005 Nov;49:457-79. doi: 10.4271/2005-22-0020.
Both hardware crash dummies and mathematical human models have been developed largely using the same biomechanical data. For both, biofidelity is a main requirement. Since numerical modeling is not bound to hardware crash dummy design constraints, it allows more detailed modeling of the human and offering biofidelity for multiple directions. In this study the multi-directional biofidelity of the MADYMO human occupant model is assessed, to potentially protect occupants under various impact conditions. To evaluate the model's biofidelity, generally accepted requirements were used for frontal and lateral impact: tests proposed by EEVC and NHTSA and tests specified by ISO TR9790, respectively. A subset of the specified experiments was simulated with the human model. For lateral impact, the results were objectively rated according to the ISO protocol. Since no rating protocol was available for frontal impact, the ISO rating scheme for lateral was used for frontal, as far as possible. As a result, two scores show the overall model biofidelity for frontal and lateral impact, while individual ratings provide insight in the quality on body segment level. The results were compared with the results published for the THOR and WorldSID dummies, showing that the mathematical model exhibits a high level of multi-directional biofidelity. In addition, the performance of the human model in the NBDL 11G oblique test indicates a valid behavior of the model in intermediate directions as well. A new aspect of this study is the objective assessment of the multi-directional biofidelity of the mathematical human model according to accepted requirements. Although hardware dummies may always be used in regulations, it is expected that virtual testing with human models will serve in extrapolating outside the hardware test environment. This study was a first step towards simulating a wider range of impact conditions, such as angled impact and rollover.
硬件碰撞假人和数学人体模型在很大程度上都是使用相同的生物力学数据开发的。对于两者而言，生物逼真度都是主要要求。由于数值建模不受硬件碰撞假人设计约束的限制，它允许对人体进行更详细的建模，并能在多个方向上提供生物逼真度。在本研究中，对MADYMO人体乘员模型的多方向生物逼真度进行了评估，以在各种碰撞条件下潜在地保护乘员。为了评估该模型的生物逼真度，针对正面和侧面碰撞采用了普遍接受的要求：分别采用欧洲车辆安全委员会（EEVC）和美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）提出的测试以及国际标准化组织（ISO）技术报告TR9790规定的测试。使用人体模型模拟了指定实验的一个子集。对于侧面碰撞，根据ISO协议对结果进行了客观评分。由于没有适用于正面碰撞的评分协议，因此尽可能将侧面碰撞的ISO评分方案用于正面碰撞。结果，两个分数显示了模型在正面和侧面碰撞方面的整体生物逼真度，而单个评分则提供了身体各部位水平质量的见解。将结果与针对THOR和WorldSID假人发表的结果进行了比较，结果表明该数学模型具有较高水平的多方向生物逼真度。此外，人体模型在NBDL 11G斜向测试中的表现也表明该模型在中间方向上的行为也是有效的。本研究的一个新方面是根据公认要求对数学人体模型的多方向生物逼真度进行客观评估。尽管硬件假人可能会一直用于法规中，但预计使用人体模型进行虚拟测试将有助于在硬件测试环境之外进行外推。本研究是朝着模拟更广泛的碰撞条件（如斜角碰撞和翻滚）迈出的第一步。
