de Jong Peter J, Peters Madelon L
Department of Developmental and Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 1/2, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
Behav Res Ther. 2007 Jun;45(6):1271-84. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.007. Epub 2006 Nov 9.
There is increasing evidence that spiders are not feared because of harmful outcome expectancies but because of disgust and contamination-relevant outcome expectancies. This study investigated the relative strength of contamination- and harm-relevant UCS expectancies and covariation bias in spider phobia. High (n=25) and low (n=24) spider fearful individuals saw a series of slides comprising spiders, pitbulls, maggots, and rabbits. Slides were randomly paired with either a harm-relevant outcome (electrical shock), a contamination-related outcome (drinking of a distasting fluid), or nothing. Spider fearful individuals displayed a contamination-relevant UCS expectancy bias associated with spiders, whereas controls displayed a harm-relevant expectancy bias. There was no evidence for a (differential) postexperimental covariation bias; thus the biased expectancies were not robust against refutation. The present findings add to the evidence that contamination ideation is critically involved in spider phobia.
越来越多的证据表明，人们害怕蜘蛛并非因为预期会有有害后果，而是因为厌恶以及与污染相关的预期后果。本研究调查了在蜘蛛恐惧症中，与污染和伤害相关的无条件刺激预期以及协变偏差的相对强度。高蜘蛛恐惧个体（n = 25）和低蜘蛛恐惧个体（n = 24）观看了一系列包含蜘蛛、比特犬、蛆和兔子的幻灯片。幻灯片被随机配对为与伤害相关的后果（电击）、与污染相关的后果（饮用难吃的液体）或无后果。蜘蛛恐惧个体表现出与蜘蛛相关的污染相关无条件刺激预期偏差，而对照组表现出与伤害相关的预期偏差。没有证据表明存在（差异）实验后协变偏差；因此，有偏差的预期并不经得起反驳。目前的研究结果进一步证明，污染观念在蜘蛛恐惧症中起着关键作用。
