Guirguis Lisa M, Chewning Betty A
Social and Administrative Pharmacy Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2005 Dec;1(4):483-507. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2005.09.006.
There is a need to describe how role theory has been used by researchers to describe various phenomena in pharmacy so as to identify gaps in knowledge and future research priorities.
The primary purpose of this article is to review how role theory has been used in the community pharmacy literature. Secondary objectives are to (1) examine the use of role theory over the evolution of the profession of pharmacy, (2) determine what role theory perspectives have been used, (3) explore the implications of role theory for patient-pharmacist interactions, and (4) explore implications for future pharmacy research using role theory.
A literature search of Web of Knowledge and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was conducted. Articles were included if they examined some aspect of role theory in community pharmacy and were categorized based on their role theory perspective and "era" of pharmacy in which they were published.
Thirty research articles were identified spanning from 1956 to 2004 with the majority (19 studies) using mail surveys. Articles used functionalist (9 studies), organizational (7), functional and organization (4), cognitive (10), and symbolic interactionist (1) perspectives to role theory. The number of articles using role theory has been increasing over time. The functional and symbolic interactionist perspectives provide rich descriptions of the multiple pharmacy roles and allow for a clearer understanding of the barriers affecting actors' experience. Using an organization perspective, role stressors such as role conflict, ambiguity, and overload were found to impact pharmacists' worklife. Cognitive role theory research has clearly shown that pharmacists' and patients' expectations for the encounter shape interaction.
The use of role theory informs both researchers and practitioners about the practice of pharmacy and patient interactions. Still, there is much work to be done in role theory and pharmacy research. Experimental designs, longitudinal studies, and qualitative research methodologies may warrant greater use and attention. Role change should be identified as a priority, and research is needed to elucidate what interventions change patients' and pharmacists' expectations of the patient-pharmacist interaction.
有必要描述研究者如何运用角色理论来描述药学领域的各种现象，以找出知识空白和未来研究重点。
本文的主要目的是回顾角色理论在社区药学文献中的应用情况。次要目的包括：（1）考察角色理论在药学职业发展过程中的应用；（2）确定所使用的角色理论视角；（3）探讨角色理论对患者与药剂师互动的影响；（4）探讨角色理论对未来药学研究的启示。
对《科学引文索引》和《国际药学文摘》进行文献检索。纳入的文章需探讨社区药学中角色理论的某些方面，并根据其角色理论视角和发表时的药学“时代”进行分类。
共识别出30篇研究文章，时间跨度为1956年至2004年，其中大多数（19项研究）采用邮寄调查。文章运用了功能主义（9项研究）、组织（7项）、功能与组织（4项）、认知（10项）和符号互动主义（1项）等角色理论视角。随着时间的推移，运用角色理论的文章数量不断增加。功能主义和符号互动主义视角对多种药学角色进行了丰富描述，有助于更清晰地理解影响行为者体验的障碍。从组织视角来看，角色冲突、角色模糊和角色过载等角色压力源会影响药剂师的工作生活。认知角色理论研究明确表明，药剂师和患者对会面的期望塑造了互动过程。
角色理论的应用为研究者和从业者提供了有关药学实践和患者互动的信息。然而，在角色理论和药学研究方面仍有许多工作要做。实验设计、纵向研究和定性研究方法可能需要更多地使用和关注。角色变化应被视为优先事项，需要开展研究以阐明哪些干预措施能够改变患者和药剂师对患者 - 药剂师互动的期望。
