Bertelloni Silvano, Ruggeri Silvia, Baroncelli Giampiero I
Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov;22(11):605-12. doi: 10.1080/09513590601005730.
Athletic training in adolescent females is important for their well-being; indeed, it may have both positive and negative effects on some physiological processes, as growth, reproductive axis and bone health. Adequate physical activity likely exerts neither a positive nor a negative effect on growth. By contrast, intensive training and insufficient diet may have a negative influence on growth, probably due to energy deficiency and impairment of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis; net long term-effects of such alterations remain to be established. Adolescents who perform regular athletic training present with normal or slightly advanced sexual maturation, because increased strength and power associated with earlier maturation advantage them. However, intensive training and inadequate energy intake may induce delayed menarche and menstrual dysfunctions. The consequent hypoestrogenism, in association with the nutritional deficiencies, may affect bone health. On the contrary, regular physical activity increases the amount of bone mass gained during childhood and adolescence mainly at the bone sites which are trained. Since the number of adolescent females involved in strenuous sports from an early age is increasing, physicians must be aware of such effects, explain to girls and their parents the 'right' sports training and appropriate dietary regimens, and recognize problems due to excessive training as soon as possible. These issues should not be a cause of lesser involvement in athletic participation of young people.
青少年女性进行体育训练对其健康很重要；实际上，它可能对某些生理过程产生正负两方面的影响，如生长、生殖轴和骨骼健康。适量的体育活动可能对生长既无积极影响也无消极影响。相比之下，高强度训练和饮食不足可能对生长产生负面影响，这可能是由于能量缺乏以及生长激素 - 胰岛素样生长因子 - I轴受损；这种改变的长期净效应仍有待确定。进行常规体育训练的青少年性成熟正常或略早，因为与较早成熟相关的力量和体能增加对他们有利。然而，高强度训练和能量摄入不足可能导致初潮延迟和月经功能紊乱。随之而来的低雌激素状态，再加上营养缺乏，可能会影响骨骼健康。相反，经常进行体育活动主要会增加儿童期和青少年期在训练部位的骨质积累。由于从小就参与剧烈运动的青少年女性数量在增加，医生必须了解这些影响，向女孩及其父母解释“正确”的体育训练和适当的饮食方案，并尽快识别过度训练导致的问题。这些问题不应成为减少年轻人参与体育活动的理由。
