Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Patras, Greece.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:12-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05675.x.
Bone mass (BM) and skeletal size are similar in prepubertal girls and boys and double between the onset of puberty and early adult life. Sex steroids are responsible for the maturation in human skeleton, as well as for the sexual dimorphism, observed after the onset of puberty. Physical activity in childhood is critical for maximizing bone growth and thus for preventing osteoporosis during older age. Therefore, it constitutes the most effective prevention strategy available. In athletes, high-impact loading activities have been shown to improve BM, whereas in sports requiring a lean somatotype (therefore leading to a negative energy balance), the delay in skeletal maturation and pubertal development predisposes athletes to osteopenia and osteoporosis. Although the early onset of training, the continuous intensive exercise and its long duration attenuate bone acquisition, the excess mechanical load to which these athletes are exposed from a young age exerts beneficial effects on bone formation that lead to a positive net-effect on BM.
骨量（BM）和骨骼大小在青春期前的男孩和女孩中相似，并且在青春期开始和成年早期之间翻了一番。性激素负责人类骨骼的成熟，以及青春期后观察到的性别二态性。儿童时期的身体活动对于最大限度地促进骨骼生长至关重要，从而预防老年时的骨质疏松症。因此，它构成了可用的最有效预防策略。在运动员中，高冲击负荷活动已被证明可以改善 BM，而在需要瘦体型（因此导致负能平衡）的运动中，骨骼成熟和青春期发育的延迟使运动员易患骨质疏松症。尽管训练开始较早，持续的剧烈运动及其持续时间较长会削弱骨骼的获得，但这些运动员从小就承受的额外机械负荷对骨形成有有益的影响，从而对 BM 产生积极的净效应。
