Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Patras, Greece.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:39-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05677.x.
Genetic potential for growth can be fully expressed only under favorable environmental conditions. Although moderate physical activity has beneficial effects on growth, excessive physical training may negatively affect it. Sports favoring restricted energy availability, in the presence of high energy expenditure, are of particular concern. In gymnastics, a different pattern in skeletal maturation and linear growth was observed, resulting in an attenuation of growth potential in artistic gymnasts (AG), more pronounced in males than in females. In female rhythmic gymnasts (RG), the genetic predisposition to growth was preserved owing to a late catchup growth phenomenon. In all other sports not requiring strict dietary restrictions, no deterioration of growth has been documented so far. Intensive physical training and negative energy balance alter the hypothalamic pituitary set point at puberty, prolong the prepubertal stage, and delay pubertal development and menarche in a variety of sports. In elite RG and AG, prepubertal stage is prolonged and pubertal development is entirely shifted to a later age, following the bone maturation rather than the chronological age.
生长的遗传潜力只有在有利的环境条件下才能充分表达。虽然适度的体育活动对生长有有益的影响，但过度的体育训练可能会对其产生负面影响。在高能量消耗的情况下，限制能量供应的运动尤其值得关注。在体操中，观察到骨骼成熟和线性生长的模式不同，导致艺术体操运动员（AG）的生长潜力减弱，男性比女性更为明显。在女性艺术体操运动员（RG）中，由于存在后期追赶生长现象，因此保留了生长的遗传倾向。在所有其他不需要严格饮食限制的运动中，迄今为止尚未记录到生长恶化的情况。密集的体育训练和负能平衡会改变青春期时的下丘脑-垂体设定点，延长青春期前阶段，并延迟各种运动中的青春期发育和初潮。在精英 RG 和 AG 中，青春期前阶段延长，青春期发育完全推迟到更晚的年龄，遵循骨成熟而不是年龄。
