Gobet Fernand, Campitelli Guillermo
Centre for the Study of Expertise and Centre for Cognition and Neuroimaging, Brunel University, Uxbridge, MDX, United Kingdom.
Dev Psychol. 2007 Jan;43(1):159-72. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.159.
The respective roles of the environment and innate talent have been a recurrent question for research into expertise. The authors investigated markers of talent, environment, and critical period for the acquisition of expert performance in chess. Argentinian chess players (N = 104), ranging from weak amateurs to grandmasters, completed a questionnaire measuring variables including individual and group practice, starting age, and handedness. The study reaffirms the importance of practice for reaching high levels of performance, but it also indicates a large variability: The slower player needed 8 times as much practice to reach master level than the faster player. Additional results show a correlation between skill and starting age and indicate that players are more likely to be mixed-handed than individuals in the general population; however, there was no correlation between handedness and skill within the sample of chess players. Together, these results suggest that practice is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the acquisition of expertise, that some additional factors may differentiate chessplayers and nonchessplayers, and that starting age of practice is important.
环境和天赋各自所起的作用，一直是专业技能研究中反复探讨的问题。作者们调查了国际象棋领域中天赋、环境以及获得专业水平表现的关键时期的相关指标。104名阿根廷国际象棋棋手（水平从弱业余棋手到特级大师不等）完成了一份调查问卷，该问卷测量了包括个人和团体练习、开始下棋的年龄以及用手习惯等变量。该研究再次证实了练习对于达到高水平表现的重要性，但同时也表明存在很大的差异：进步较慢的棋手达到大师水平所需的练习量是进步较快棋手的8倍。其他结果显示了技能与开始下棋年龄之间的相关性，并表明棋手比普通人群中的个体更有可能是混合用手型；然而，在国际象棋棋手样本中，用手习惯与技能之间没有相关性。综合来看，这些结果表明，练习是获得专业技能的必要但不充分条件，一些其他因素可能区分棋手和非棋手，并且开始练习的年龄很重要。
