Aviation Sustained Operations Team, Fatigue Countermeasures Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2485 Gillingham Drive, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235, USA.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2005 May;3(2):85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.07.008.
Pilot fatigue is a significant, but often under-reported problem in both civilian and military aviation operations. Although estimates vary, official statistics indicate that fatigue is involved in at least 4-8% of aviation mishaps, and surveys of pilots and aircrew members reveal that fatigue is an important concern throughout today's 24/7 flight operations. Regulatory efforts aimed at limiting flight hours and ensuring at least minimal periods of crew rest have to some extent mitigated fatigue-related difficulties in the cockpit, but it is clear that much remains to be done about this insidious threat to air safety. Scheduling factors, sleep deprivation, circadian disruptions, and extended duty periods continue to challenge the alertness and performance levels of both short-haul and long-haul pilots and crews. Solutions for these problems are not straightforward, but they can be developed through the cooperative efforts of scientists, regulators, managers, and the pilots themselves. Over the past 20 years, scientific understanding of human sleep, fatigue, and circadian rhythms has expanded considerably. The thorough integration of this new knowledge into modern crew-resource management practices will facilitate the establishment of optimal crew scheduling routines and the implementation of valid aviation fatigue countermeasures.
飞行员疲劳是民用和军事航空作业中一个重大但经常被低估的问题。尽管估计值各不相同，但官方统计数据表明，疲劳至少与 4-8%的航空事故有关，而且对飞行员和机组人员的调查显示，疲劳是当今 24/7 飞行作业中的一个重要关注点。旨在限制飞行时间并确保至少有最短机组休息时间的监管努力在一定程度上减轻了驾驶舱中与疲劳相关的困难，但显然，对于这种对航空安全的潜在威胁，仍有许多工作要做。调度因素、睡眠剥夺、昼夜节律打乱和延长的工作时间继续挑战着短途和长途飞行员和机组人员的警觉性和表现水平。这些问题的解决方案并不简单，但可以通过科学家、监管机构、管理人员和飞行员自身的合作努力来制定。在过去的 20 年中，人类睡眠、疲劳和昼夜节律的科学认识有了相当大的扩展。将这些新知识全面融入现代机组资源管理实践中，将有助于建立最佳机组调度程序，并实施有效的航空疲劳对策。
