Gander P H, Gregory K B, Graeber R C, Connell L J, Miller D L, Rosekind M R
Fatigue Countermeasures Program, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998 Sep;69(9 Suppl):B8-15.
We monitored 74 crewmembers before, during, and after 3-4-d commercial short-haul trips crossing no more than one time zone per 24 h. The average duty day lasted 10.6 duty hours, with 4.5 flight hours and 5.5 flights. On trips, crewmembers slept less, woke earlier, and reported having more difficulty falling asleep, with lighter, less restful sleep than pretrip. The consumption of caffeine, alcohol, and snacks increased on trip days, as did reports of headaches, congested nose, and back pain. The study suggests the following ways of reducing fatigue during these operations: base the duration of rest periods on duty hours as well as flight hours; avoid scheduling rest periods progressively earlier across a trip; minimize early duty report times; and inform crewmembers about strategic use of caffeine and alternatives to alcohol for relaxing before sleep.
我们对74名机组人员在24小时内穿越不超过一个时区的3 - 4天商业短途飞行的前、中、后进行了监测。平均工作日持续10.6个值班小时，其中飞行时间为4.5小时，航班次数为5.5次。在飞行途中，机组人员睡眠时间减少，起床更早，且报告称入睡更困难，睡眠比飞行前更浅、更不安稳。飞行日咖啡因、酒精和零食的摄入量增加，头痛、鼻塞和背痛的报告也增多。该研究提出了在这些飞行任务中减少疲劳的以下方法：根据值班时间和飞行时间确定休息时间的长短；避免在整个行程中逐渐提前安排休息时间；尽量减少早班报告时间；并告知机组人员咖啡因的合理使用以及睡前放松时替代酒精的方法。
