Cargiulo Thomas
University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 Suppl 3):S5-11. doi: 10.2146/ajhp060647.
To review the effects of alcohol dependence on physical and mental health.
Alcohol dependence is wide-spread among people of all ages and socioeconomic groups. Persons with alcohol dependence face enormous health consequences. Alcohol dependence is a major cause of mortality and is associated with psychiatric conditions, neurologic impairment, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and malignant neoplasms. Psychiatric conditions associated with alcohol dependence include major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, any drug use disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide. Psychiatric comorbidity, in turn, is associated with alcohol-related symptoms of greater severity. Excessive alcohol consumption causes brain damage, as evidenced by brain imaging, and related neurologic deficits, including impairments in working memory, cognitive processing of emotional signals, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, and gait and balance. Whereas moderate alcohol consumption is cardioprotective, heavy drinking is associated with increased risks of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and ischemic stroke, possibly due to alcohol-induced sympathetic activation. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption is a strong risk factor for various types of cancer, particularly cancers of the aero-respiratory tract, but also cancers of the digestive system, liver, breast, and ovaries. Heavy drinking is associated with various forms of alcoholic liver disease, such as cirrhosis. (People with alcohol dependence die from cirrhosis at a much higher rate than is found in the general population.) Alcohol dependence also increases the risk of injury, possibly due to alcohol-related factors such as diminished coordination and balance, increased reaction time, and impaired attention, perception, and judgment.
Alcohol dependence has numerous and serious ill effects on physical and mental health and represents a major public health burden.
综述酒精依赖对身心健康的影响。
酒精依赖在所有年龄段和社会经济群体中广泛存在。酒精依赖者面临巨大的健康后果。酒精依赖是死亡的主要原因，与精神疾病、神经功能损害、心血管疾病、肝脏疾病和恶性肿瘤相关。与酒精依赖相关的精神疾病包括重度抑郁症、心境恶劣、躁狂症、轻躁狂症、惊恐障碍、恐惧症、广泛性焦虑症、人格障碍、任何药物使用障碍、精神分裂症和自杀。反过来，精神共病又与更严重的酒精相关症状有关。过度饮酒会导致脑损伤，脑成像证明了这一点，还会导致相关的神经功能缺陷，包括工作记忆、情绪信号的认知处理、执行功能、视觉空间能力以及步态和平衡方面的损害。适度饮酒具有心脏保护作用，而大量饮酒与高血压、冠心病和缺血性中风风险增加有关，这可能是由于酒精引起的交感神经激活。长期过度饮酒是各类癌症的重要危险因素，尤其是呼吸道癌症，也包括消化系统、肝脏、乳腺和卵巢的癌症。大量饮酒与各种形式的酒精性肝病有关，如肝硬化。（酒精依赖者死于肝硬化的比率远高于普通人群。）酒精依赖还会增加受伤风险，这可能是由于与酒精相关的因素，如协调和平衡能力下降、反应时间延长以及注意力、感知和判断力受损。
酒精依赖对身心健康有众多严重不良影响，并构成重大的公共卫生负担。
