de Vocht F, Burstyn I, Straif K, Vermeulen R, Jakobsson K, Nichols L, Peplonska B, Taeger D, Kromhout H
Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
J Environ Monit. 2007 Mar;9(3):253-9. doi: 10.1039/b615472g. Epub 2007 Jan 8.
Many nitrosamines are suspected of being human carcinogens, with the highest concentrations in the environment being measured in the rubber industry. Time trends of personal exposure to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and to N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor) during the past two decades in the German rubber industry were analysed and compared with cross-sectional studies in the same period in the Netherlands, Poland, the UK and Sweden. In the majority of the surveyed departments exposures reduced over time, but considerable heterogeneity was present between departments and sectors. Significant reductions were primarily found in curing and post-treating departments and ranged from -3% year(-1) to -19% year(-1). In contrast, NDMA levels increased (+13% year(-1)) in maintenance and engineering in the tyres industry. Average NDMA-levels in general rubber goods (GRG) and NMor-levels in tyre production in Germany did not decrease significantly in the past two decades, whereas NDMA-levels in tyre production (-10% year(-1)) and NMor-levels in GRG (-7% year(-1)) declined significantly after the introduction of an exposure limit for total nitrosamines in Germany in 1988. Confidence intervals of average exposures in other studied countries largely overlap trends observed in Germany. Exposure to N-nitrosamines decreased on average two-to-five fold in the German rubber industry with comparable concentration levels in other European countries. Although average levels are well below the current limits exposure has not been eliminated, and incidental high exposures do still occur.
许多亚硝胺被怀疑是人类致癌物，橡胶行业环境中的亚硝胺浓度最高。分析了德国橡胶行业过去二十年中个人接触N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）和N-亚硝基吗啉（NMor）的时间趋势，并与荷兰、波兰、英国和瑞典同期的横断面研究进行了比较。在大多数被调查部门，接触量随时间减少，但各部门和各行业之间存在相当大的异质性。显著减少主要出现在硫化和后处理部门，降幅从每年-3%到-19%不等。相比之下，轮胎行业维修和工程部门的NDMA水平有所上升（每年+13%）。在过去二十年中，德国通用橡胶制品（GRG）中的平均NDMA水平和轮胎生产中的NMor水平没有显著下降，而在1988年德国对总亚硝胺实施接触限值后，轮胎生产中的NDMA水平（每年-10%）和GRG中的NMor水平（每年-7%）显著下降。其他研究国家平均接触量的置信区间与德国观察到的趋势在很大程度上重叠。在德国橡胶行业，接触N-亚硝胺的平均水平下降了两到五倍，其他欧洲国家的浓度水平与之相当。尽管平均水平远低于当前限值，但接触并未消除，偶尔仍会出现高接触情况。
