Tiemann U, Dänicke S
Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Wilhelm Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
Food Addit Contam. 2007 Mar;24(3):306-14. doi: 10.1080/02652030601053626.
This review summarizes the toxicological data on the effects of the mycotoxins zearalenone (ZON), its metabolites, and deoxynivalenol (DON) on different parameters relating to reproductive and non-reproductive organs in female pigs. In vivo, 22 mg ZON kg(-1) in the diet cause alterations in the reproductive tract of swine such as in the uterus, and affects follicular and embryo development. ZON and its metabolites have been shown to bind competitively to oestrogen receptors in an in vitro system. The feeding of pigs with a 9 mg DON kg(-1)-contaminated diet can act on protein synthesis, humoral and cellular immune response depending on dose, exposure and timing of functional immune assay, and affect liver and spleen cell structures. Beside these effects, reproductive alterations were observed in pigs, too. Both in vivo and in vitro exposure to DON decreased oocyte and embryo development. In vitro application of DON to uterine cells inhibits their proliferation rate and modulates the process of translation at a different molecular level when compared with the in vivo application. The histopathological results provide evidence of spleen and liver dysfunction in the absence of clinical signs, especially in pigs fed higher concentrations of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat. Prepuberal gilts react more sensitively to DON > ZON feeding compared with pregnant sows. In the liver, histopathological changes such as glycogen decrease and interlobular collagen uptake were only observed in prepuberal gilts, whereas enhancement of haemosiderin was found in both perpuberal gilts and pregnant sows. This review presents some of the current knowledge on the biological activities of ZON and DON in pig. Altogether, ZON affects reproduction of pigs most seriously because it possesses oestrogenic activity. However, DON affects reproduction in pigs via indirect effects such as reduced feed intake, resulting in reduced growth or impairment of function in vital organs such as liver and spleen.
本综述总结了霉菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）及其代谢产物以及脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）对雌性猪生殖器官和非生殖器官不同参数影响的毒理学数据。在体内，日粮中22毫克ZON/千克会导致猪生殖道如子宫发生变化，并影响卵泡和胚胎发育。在体外系统中，ZON及其代谢产物已被证明能竞争性结合雌激素受体。给猪饲喂含9毫克DON/千克的污染日粮，可根据剂量、暴露情况和功能性免疫测定的时间作用于蛋白质合成、体液和细胞免疫反应，并影响肝脏和脾脏细胞结构。除了这些影响外，在猪身上也观察到了生殖方面的改变。体内和体外暴露于DON都会降低卵母细胞和胚胎发育。与体内应用相比，体外将DON应用于子宫细胞会抑制其增殖率，并在不同分子水平上调节翻译过程。组织病理学结果表明，在没有临床症状的情况下，脾脏和肝脏功能出现障碍，尤其是在饲喂高浓度镰刀菌毒素污染小麦的猪中。与怀孕母猪相比，青春期前小母猪对DON>ZON的饲喂反应更敏感。在肝脏中，糖原减少和小叶间胶原摄取等组织病理学变化仅在青春期前小母猪中观察到，而在青春期前后小母猪和怀孕母猪中均发现含铁血黄素增加。本综述介绍了目前关于ZON和DON在猪体内生物活性的一些知识。总的来说，ZON对猪的繁殖影响最为严重，因为它具有雌激素活性。然而，DON通过间接影响如采食量减少来影响猪的繁殖，从而导致生长减缓或肝脏和脾脏等重要器官功能受损。
