Molnár Peter, Bellander Tom, Sällsten Gerd, Boman Johan
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy at Göteborg University, P.O. Box 414, S-405 30, Goteborg, Sweden.
J Environ Monit. 2007 Apr;9(4):348-57. doi: 10.1039/b616858b. Epub 2007 Mar 2.
Fine particles (PM2.5) were sampled indoors and outdoors at 40 sampling sites; in ten classrooms in five schools, at ten preschools and 20 non-smoking homes, in three communities in Stockholm, Sweden, during nine 2-week periods. Each sampling site was sampled twice, once during winter and once during spring. The samples were analysed for elemental concentrations using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. In all locations significantly higher outdoor concentrations were found for elements that are related to long-range transported air masses (S, Ni, Br and Pb), while only Ti was higher indoors in all locations. Similar differences for S, Br and Pb were found in both seasons for homes and schools. In preschools different seasonal patterns were seen for the long-range transported elements S, Br and Pb and the crustal elements Ti, Mn and Fe. The indoor/outdoor ratios for S and Pb suggest an outdoor PM2.5 particle net infiltration of about 0.6 in these buildings. The community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor concentrations of elements of crustal or traffic origin compared with the two central communities, but had similar levels of long-range transported elements. Significant correlations were found between PM2.5 and most elements outdoors (rs = 0.45-0.90). Copper levels were found to correlate well (rs = 0.64-0.91) to the traffic marker NO2 during both winter and spring in all locations. Copper may be a suitable elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies in areas without other significant outdoor Cu sources.
在40个采样点对室内和室外的细颗粒物（PM2.5）进行了采样；在瑞典斯德哥尔摩的三个社区、五所学校的十间教室、十所幼儿园和20个无烟家庭中，在九个为期两周的时间段内进行采样。每个采样点采样两次，一次在冬季，一次在春季。使用X射线荧光（XRF）光谱法分析样品中的元素浓度。在所有地点，与远距离传输气团相关的元素（硫、镍、溴和铅）的室外浓度显著更高，而在所有地点只有钛的室内浓度更高。在家庭和学校中，硫、溴和铅在两个季节都有类似的差异。在幼儿园中，远距离传输元素硫、溴和铅以及地壳元素钛、锰和铁呈现出不同的季节模式。硫和铅的室内/室外比率表明，这些建筑物中室外PM2.5颗粒的净渗入率约为0.6。与两个市中心社区相比，距离市中心25公里的社区地壳或交通源元素的室外浓度显著更低，但远距离传输元素的水平相似。在室外，PM2.5与大多数元素之间存在显著相关性（rs = 0.45 - 0.90）。在所有地点的冬季和春季，铜水平与交通标志物二氧化氮都有很好的相关性（rs = 0.64 - 0.91）。在没有其他重要室外铜源的地区，铜可能是健康研究中与交通相关气溶胶的合适元素标志物。
