Fridlund A J
Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106.
Biol Psychol. 1991 Feb;32(1):3-100. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(91)90003-y.
Based upon current evolutionary theory and recent laboratory and field data, this paper introduces a behavioral-ecology view of human facial displays that contrasts with previous views of faces as innate, prototypic, "iconic" expressions of fundamental emotions. First, I detail the criteria for establishing genetic and epigenetic contributions to facial behavior. Under these criteria, cross-cultural communality in canonical facial displays implies neither their genetic control nor their fundamental relation to emotion. New findings reestablish phylogenetic continuity by showing that human facial displays and vigilance for them, like their nonhuman counterparts, coevolve in the service of social motives; faces issued in solitude typically reflect imaginary or implicit interaction. Two evolutionary trends are probably involved in shaping facial actions--emancipation of reflexes, and automatization of instrumental acts. Modern conceptions of genetic and cultural evolution, and knowledge about animal signaling, suggest new hypotheses regarding the origins and functions of facial displays. In so doing, they clarify how facial displays relate to reflexion, motive and intention, emotion and psychophysiology, and language and paralanguage.
基于当前的进化理论以及近期的实验室和实地数据，本文引入了一种人类面部表情的行为生态学观点，该观点与以往将面部视为基本情绪的先天、原型、“标志性”表达的观点形成对比。首先，我详细阐述了确定面部行为的遗传和表观遗传贡献的标准。在这些标准下，标准面部表情中的跨文化共性既不意味着它们受遗传控制，也不意味着它们与情绪有根本关系。新的研究结果通过表明人类面部表情及其对表情的警惕性，与非人类的面部表情及其警惕性一样，是为了服务社会动机而共同进化，从而重新确立了系统发育的连续性；独处时做出的面部表情通常反映的是想象中的或隐含的互动。面部动作的形成可能涉及两种进化趋势——反射的解放和工具性动作的自动化。现代遗传和文化进化的概念以及关于动物信号的知识，提出了关于面部表情的起源和功能的新假设。这样一来，它们阐明了面部表情与反射、动机和意图、情绪和心理生理学以及语言和副语言之间的关系。
