Lorber Matthew
Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 Jan;18(1):2-19. doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500572. Epub 2007 Apr 11.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82% of the overall estimated intakes.
多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）是一类溴化阻燃剂，与其他持久性有机污染物（POPs）一样，已在全球范围内的人类、野生动物和生物群中被发现。然而，与其他持久性有机污染物不同的是，人们认为人类接触多溴二苯醚的主要途径不是食物和鱼类，而是来自其在家庭消费品中的使用，以及房屋灰尘中发现的高浓度多溴二苯醚。本研究对美国人接触多溴二苯醚的情况进行了系统评估。首先，汇编了多溴二苯醚同系物的接触介质数据。然后，结合这些数据使用接触因子得出成人摄入剂量。评估的接触途径包括食物和水的摄入、吸入，以及摄入房屋灰尘和皮肤接触。使用简单的药代动力学（PK）模型将这些摄入量转换为体内负荷。将预测的体内负荷与血液和乳汁中多溴二苯醚的代表性特征进行比较。估计成人多溴二苯醚的总摄入剂量为7.7纳克/千克体重/天，儿童的估计摄入量更高，1 - 5岁为49.3纳克/千克/天，6 - 11岁为14.4纳克/千克/天，12 - 19岁为9.1纳克/千克/天。1 - 5岁儿童的剂量高得多是因为灰尘摄入量从每天50毫克增加到100毫克。预测的成人多溴二苯醚总体内负荷为33.8纳克/千克脂质重量（lwt），而血液和乳汁中的代表性测量值分别为64.0和93.7纳克/克脂质重量。总浓度的这种明显预测不足大部分是由于关键同系物BDE 47的预测不足。在这项研究中，BDE 47在体内的半衰期值被确定为最可能出错的变量。其他同系物的预测与测量结果比较吻合，表明该方法具有普遍有效性。该评估的一个重要发现是，食物摄入量估计约为1.3纳克/千克/天（占总摄入量7.7纳克/千克/天的一部分）无法解释目前美国人体内的负荷；房屋灰尘中多溴二苯醚的接触占总体估计摄入量的82%。
