Welsch Sonja, Müller Barbara, Kräusslich Hans-Georg
Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
FEBS Lett. 2007 May 22;581(11):2089-97. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.060. Epub 2007 Mar 30.
Enveloped viruses exit their host cell by budding from a cellular membrane and thereby spread from one cell to another. Virus budding in general involves the distortion of a cellular membrane away from the cytoplasm, envelopment of the viral capsid by one or more lipid bilayers that are enriched in viral membrane glycoproteins, and a fission event that separates the enveloped virion from the cellular membrane. While it was initially thought that virus budding is always driven by viral transmembrane proteins interacting with the inner structural proteins, it is now clear that the driving force may be different depending on the virus. Research over the past years has shown that viral components specifically interact with host cell lipids and proteins, thereby adopting cellular functions and pathways to facilitate virus release. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular membrane systems that serve as viral budding sites and of the viral and cellular factors involved in budding. One of the best studied cellular machineries required for virus egress is the ESCRT complex, which will be described in more detail.
包膜病毒通过从细胞膜出芽的方式离开宿主细胞，从而从一个细胞传播到另一个细胞。一般来说，病毒出芽涉及细胞膜背离细胞质的变形、病毒衣壳被一层或多层富含病毒膜糖蛋白的脂质双层包围，以及将包膜病毒体与细胞膜分离的裂变事件。虽然最初认为病毒出芽总是由病毒跨膜蛋白与内部结构蛋白相互作用驱动，但现在很清楚，驱动力可能因病毒而异。过去几年的研究表明，病毒成分与宿主细胞脂质和蛋白质特异性相互作用，从而利用细胞功能和途径促进病毒释放。本综述总结了作为病毒出芽位点的细胞膜系统以及出芽过程中涉及的病毒和细胞因子的现有知识。病毒释放所需的研究最深入的细胞机制之一是ESCRT复合体，将对此进行更详细的描述。
