Wilson Katherine A, Salas Eduardo, Priest Heather A, Andrews Dee
Institute for Simulation & Training, University of Central Florida, 3100 Technology Pkwy., Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
Hum Factors. 2007 Apr;49(2):243-56. doi: 10.1518/001872007X312478.
We developed a theoretically based taxonomy for classifying shared cognition breakdowns related to teamwork which contribute to fratricide incidents.
Fratricide on the battlefield is an inescapable cost of war. A number of technological advancements have been made in terms of combat identification systems to reduce the risk of these incidents. However, fratricide continues to occur at alarming rates.
We take a human-centered approach to understanding errors leading to fratricide incidents by focusing on shared cognition. We turn to the literature and provide the theoretical foundations for an error classification taxonomy to improve understanding of why fratricide incidents occur.
Based on our review of the literature, we identified a number of problem areas leading to fratricide incidents. However, many of the cited contributing factors were broad terms (e.g., poor coordination) and did little to tell us why the breakdown occurred and where improvements are needed. Therefore, we chose to focus on one specific area--teamwork breakdowns--and discuss in depth how these breakdowns contribute to fratricide.
In this paper, we take a first step toward proposing a taxonomy that allows for the diagnostic assessment of what causes teamwork breakdowns in fratricide. We understand that a taxonomy is only as good as the data available and encourage richer case studies from which to learn.
To apply this taxonomy in an operational setting, we provide a set of behavioral markers that can be used to identify teamwork breakdowns on the battlefield.
我们开发了一种基于理论的分类法，用于对与团队合作相关的、导致友军误伤事件的共享认知故障进行分类。
战场上的友军误伤是战争不可避免的代价。在战斗识别系统方面已经取得了许多技术进步，以降低这些事件的风险。然而，友军误伤仍以惊人的速度发生。
我们采用以人为本的方法，通过关注共享认知来理解导致友军误伤事件的错误。我们查阅文献，为错误分类法提供理论基础，以增进对友军误伤事件发生原因的理解。
基于对文献的回顾，我们确定了一些导致友军误伤事件的问题领域。然而，许多被提及的促成因素都是宽泛的术语（例如，协调不力），几乎没有告诉我们故障为何发生以及需要在哪些方面进行改进。因此，我们选择专注于一个特定领域——团队合作故障——并深入讨论这些故障如何导致友军误伤。
在本文中，我们朝着提出一种分类法迈出了第一步，该分类法能够对导致友军误伤中团队合作故障的原因进行诊断评估。我们明白分类法的优劣取决于可用数据，并鼓励开展更丰富的案例研究以供学习。
为了在作战环境中应用这种分类法，我们提供了一组行为标记，可用于识别战场上的团队合作故障。
