Salas Eduardo, Rosen Michael A, Burke C Shawn, Nicholson Denise, Howse William R
Associate, Institute for Simulation and Training, Modeling and Simulation Graduate Program, University of Central Florida, 3100 Technology Parkway, Suite 319, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007 May;78(5 Suppl):B77-85.
Team cognition has been identified as a key component to achieve mission goals in dynamic, team-based, stressful, distributed and multicultural operations. Effective team performance in complex environments requires that team members hold a shared understanding of the task, their equipment, and their teammates. So, many of the simulation-based training (SBT) systems and programs have been designed (partly) to enhance shared/team cognition. However, these simulation systems lack the sufficient robustness in their performance assessment tools or capabilities (if they have any) to allow for a rich and deep understanding of team cognition. Therefore, the purpose of this article is fourfold: I) to present a brief account of team cognition; 2) to develop the concept of performance diagnosis and present SBT as an approach to the performance diagnosis of team cognition; 3) to present a set of illustrative behavioral markers of team cognition; and 4) to explicate how these elements (performance diagnosis, team cognition, and SBT) can be leveraged to increase training effectiveness through the development of performance profiles--a rich, detailed, and informative set of metrics--and cognitive and behavioral indicators or illustrative markers of team cognition. Research needs are discussed in terms of realizing the potential of this approach in operational and embedded training contexts.
团队认知已被视为在动态、基于团队、压力大、分布式和多元文化的行动中实现任务目标的关键要素。在复杂环境中实现有效的团队绩效，要求团队成员对任务、装备及队友有共同的理解。因此，许多基于模拟的训练（SBT）系统和项目已（部分）设计用于增强共享/团队认知。然而，这些模拟系统在其性能评估工具或能力（如果有的话）方面缺乏足够的稳健性，无法对团队认知进行丰富而深入的理解。因此，本文的目的有四个：一、简要介绍团队认知；二、提出绩效诊断的概念，并将SBT作为团队认知绩效诊断的一种方法；三、给出一组团队认知的说明性行为标记；四、阐明如何通过开发绩效概况（一组丰富、详细且信息量大的指标）以及团队认知的认知和行为指标或说明性标记，利用这些要素（绩效诊断、团队认知和SBT）来提高训练效果。文章从在作战和嵌入式训练环境中实现这种方法的潜力方面讨论了研究需求。
