Roberts William O
Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Sports Med. 2007;37(4-5):400-3. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737040-00033.
The medical work load seems to increase both with heat and humidity, and with cold and rainy conditions. Heat tolerance during exercise is variable and heat intolerance may contribute to collapse and increase medical encounters. Exposure to cold, wet conditions results in increasing incidence of hypothermia in exhausted marathon runners. Finish-line encounters and course dropouts increase as conditions cool and warm away from the most advantageous conditions in the 4.4-15 degrees C (40-59 degrees F) wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) range. The risk of requiring medical attention and not finishing rises considerably when the WBGT is >15.5 degrees C (60 degrees F). Comparing the correlation coefficients of the Boston Marathon and Twin Cities Marathon data suggests that the risks of medical problems and not finishing are associated with the warmest temperature of the race and not the start temperature. The community consequences of races conducted in hot and humid conditions can be significant, particularly when the WBGT is >15.5 degrees C. The emergency medical systems can be overwhelmed with a surge of patients, some very ill, and the emergency call response times drop to unacceptable levels blocking access for the citizens of the community. With respect to marathon encounters, heat stress increases both the finish-line medical encounter rate and the on course drop-out rate, and seems to increase the incidence of hyponatraemia and heat stroke. Cold conditions increase the drop-out rate along the course and, if associated with wet conditions, also increase the encounter rate.
医疗工作量似乎会随着炎热、潮湿以及寒冷、多雨的天气状况而增加。运动期间的耐热性因人而异，不耐热可能会导致虚脱并增加就医次数。暴露于寒冷、潮湿的环境中会使疲惫的马拉松运动员体温过低的发生率上升。随着天气从湿球黑球温度（WBGT）在4.4-15摄氏度（40-59华氏度）的最适宜范围变凉或变暖，终点线处的就医情况和赛道上的退赛情况会增加。当WBGT>15.5摄氏度（60华氏度）时，需要医疗护理和无法完赛的风险会大幅上升。比较波士顿马拉松和双城马拉松数据的相关系数表明，出现医疗问题和无法完赛的风险与比赛期间的最高温度有关，而非起跑温度。在炎热潮湿的条件下举办比赛会对社区产生重大影响，尤其是当WBGT>15.5摄氏度时。紧急医疗系统可能会因大量患者（其中一些病情严重）而不堪重负，紧急呼叫响应时间会降至不可接受的水平，从而阻碍社区居民的求助。就马拉松赛事中的就医情况而言，热应激会增加终点线处的医疗就诊率和赛道上的退赛率，似乎还会增加低钠血症和中暑的发生率。寒冷天气会增加赛道上的退赛率，如果与潮湿天气相关，还会增加就诊率。
