Sherman C B
Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Clin Chest Med. 1991 Dec;12(4):643-58.
Cigarette smoking is associated with increased overall morbidity and mortality. Smoking is a cause of cancer of the lung, oral cavity, larynx, bladder, and renal pelvis and a contributing factor in the development of cancer of the pancreas, stomach, cervix, liver, penis, and rectum. Smokers are at greater risk for coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is associated with lower levels of FEV1 and increased respiratory symptoms and infections. Women who smoke during pregnancy have an increased incidence of complications, especially intrauterine growth retardation. Peptic ulcer disease is more common in smokers than in nonsmokers. Finally, involuntary smoke exposure is associated in adults with an increased incidence of lung cancer and possibly greater mortality rates from ischemic heart disease and in children with more frequent lower respiratory tract illnesses and reduced lung growth.
吸烟与总体发病率和死亡率的增加相关。吸烟是导致肺癌、口腔癌、喉癌、膀胱癌和肾盂癌的原因，也是胰腺癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、肝癌、阴茎癌和直肠癌发展的一个促成因素。吸烟者患冠状动脉疾病、脑血管疾病和动脉粥样硬化性外周血管疾病的风险更高。吸烟是慢性阻塞性肺疾病最重要的单一危险因素，与第一秒用力呼气量（FEV1）水平降低、呼吸道症状增加和感染有关。孕期吸烟的女性并发症发生率增加，尤其是胎儿宫内生长受限。消化性溃疡病在吸烟者中比不吸烟者更常见。最后，成人被动吸烟与肺癌发病率增加以及可能因缺血性心脏病导致的更高死亡率相关，而儿童被动吸烟则与更频繁的下呼吸道疾病和肺生长受限有关。
