Cakir Günay, Sivrikaya Fatih, Keleş Sedat
Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Turkey.
Environ Monit Assess. 2008 Feb;137(1-3):51-66. doi: 10.1007/s10661-007-9728-9. Epub 2007 May 23.
Monitoring forest cover change and understanding the dynamic of forest cover is increasingly important in sustainable development and management of forest ecosystems. This paper uses remote sensing (RS) techniques to monitor forest cover change in Maçka State Forest Enterprise (MSFE) located in NE of Turkey through 1975 to 2000 and then analyses spatial and temporal changes in forest cover by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and FRAGSTATStrade mark. Forest cover changes were detected from a time series of satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1975, Landsat TM in 1987, and Landsat ETM+ in 2000 using RS and GIS. The results showed that total forest area, productive forest area and degraded forest area increased while broadleaf forest area and non forest area decreased. Mixed forest and degraded forest increased during the first (1975-1987) period, but decreased during the second (1987-2000) period. During the whole study period, the annual forestation rate was 152 ha year(-1), equivalent to 0.27% year(-1) using the compound-interest-rate formula. The total number of patches increased from 36,204 to 48,092 (33%), and mean size of forest patch (MPS) decreased from 2.8 ha to 2.1 ha during a 25 year period. Number of smaller patches (patches in 0-100 ha size class) increased, indicating more fragmented landscape over time that might create a risk for the maintenance of biodiversity of the area. While total population increased from 1975 to 2000 (3.7%), rural population constantly decreased. The increase of forest areas may well be explained by the fact that demographic movement of rural areas concentrated into Maçka City Center. These figures also indicated that decrease in the rural population might likely lead to the release of human pressure to forest areas, probably resulting in a positive development of forest areas.
监测森林覆盖变化并了解森林覆盖动态对于森林生态系统的可持续发展和管理日益重要。本文运用遥感（RS）技术监测了位于土耳其东北部的马卡国家森林企业（MSFE）在1975年至2000年期间的森林覆盖变化，然后通过地理信息系统（GIS）和FRAGSTAT商标分析了森林覆盖的时空变化。利用RS和GIS从1975年的陆地卫星MSS、1987年的陆地卫星TM以及2000年的陆地卫星ETM+的一系列卫星图像中检测到森林覆盖变化。结果表明，森林总面积、生产性森林面积和退化森林面积增加，而阔叶林面积和非森林面积减少。混交林和退化林在第一个时期（1975 - 1987年）增加，但在第二个时期（1987 - 2000年）减少。在整个研究期间，年造林率为152公顷/年（-1），使用复利公式相当于0.27%/年（-1）。在25年期间，斑块总数从36,204增加到48,092（增加了33%），森林斑块的平均大小（MPS）从2.8公顷减少到2.1公顷。较小斑块（面积在0 - 100公顷类别中的斑块）数量增加，表明随着时间推移景观更加破碎，这可能给该地区生物多样性的维持带来风险。虽然从1975年到2000年总人口增加了（3.7%），但农村人口持续减少。森林面积的增加很可能是由于农村地区的人口迁移集中到了马卡市中心这一事实。这些数据还表明农村人口的减少可能会减轻对森林地区的人类压力，可能导致森林地区的积极发展。
