de Castro John M
College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.
Br J Nutr. 2007 Nov;98(5):1077-83. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507754296. Epub 2007 May 31.
Intake in the morning is particularly satiating and associated with lower total amounts ingested for the day while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. But, the influence of carbohydrates, fats or proteins ingested at various times of the day is unknown. The intakes of 375 male and 492 female free-living individuals that were acquired with 7 d diet-diary reports were reanalysed. The intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and the density of intake occurring during three 6 h periods (06.00 to 11.59 hours (morning), 12.00 to 17.59 hours (afternoon) and 18.00 to 23.59 hours (evening)) were identified and related to overall daily and meal intakes. Energy density of intake during all periods was found to be positively related to overall intake. When the proportion of daily carbohydrate ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily fat ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate and fat were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily protein ingested in the morning was high, less protein was ingested over the entire day. Conversely, when intake was relatively high in the evening of either total food energy, carbohydrate or fat, then overall daily energy intakes tended to be higher. The results suggest that the morning intake association with reduced total intake is macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate, fat and protein intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, respectively.
早晨摄入特别有饱腹感，且与一天中摄入的总量较低有关，而夜间摄入则与每日总体摄入量较高有关。但是，一天中不同时间摄入的碳水化合物、脂肪或蛋白质的影响尚不清楚。对通过7天饮食日记报告获得的375名男性和492名女性自由生活个体的摄入量进行了重新分析。确定了碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的摄入量，以及在三个6小时时间段（06:00至11:59（早晨）、12:00至17:59（下午）和18:00至23:59（晚上））的摄入密度，并将其与每日总体摄入量和每餐摄入量相关联。发现所有时间段的摄入能量密度与总体摄入量呈正相关。当早晨摄入的每日碳水化合物比例较高时，全天摄入的食物总能量和碳水化合物较少。当早晨摄入的每日脂肪比例较高时，全天摄入的食物总能量、碳水化合物和脂肪较少。当早晨摄入的每日蛋白质比例较高时，全天摄入的蛋白质较少。相反，当晚上食物总能量、碳水化合物或脂肪的摄入量相对较高时，那么每日总体能量摄入量往往也较高。结果表明，早晨摄入与总摄入量减少之间的关联是特定宏量营养素的，早晨摄入碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质分别与每日碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质摄入量减少有关。
