de Castro John M
College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341-2509, USA.
Br J Nutr. 2009 Oct;102(8):1228-37. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509371640. Epub 2009 Aug 4.
Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake, morning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since different types of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested at various times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 d diet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morning (04.00-10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30-16.59 hours) and evening (17.00-02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairy foods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated with higher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated or were associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beverages and overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducing overall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.
早晨进食与全天总摄入量的减少有关，而夜间进食则与全天总体摄入量的增加有关。这些关联具有特定的宏量营养素特征，早晨碳水化合物摄入与每日碳水化合物摄入量减少有关，早晨脂肪摄入与每日脂肪摄入量减少有关，早晨蛋白质摄入与每日蛋白质摄入量减少有关。由于不同类型的食物所含宏量营养素的比例不同，本研究调查了一天中不同时间摄入的不同类型食物与每日总摄入量和宏量营养素摄入量之间的关联。对7天饮食日记中报告的388名男性和621名女性自由生活个体的摄入量进行了重新分析。确定了在早晨（04:00 - 10:29）、下午（10:30 - 16:59）和晚上（17:00 - 02:00）出现的24种不同类型食物和7种不同饮料的摄入量，并将其与每日总摄入量相关联。乳制品、冰淇淋、牛肉、其他肉类、土豆、糕点、坚果、薯片和零食、调味品、酒精和苏打水与全天较高的总摄入量显著相关，而水果、汤、早餐谷物、意大利面、披萨、水、咖啡/茶和无糖汽水要么无关联，要么与较低的总体摄入量有关。膳食能量密度似乎介导了特定食物和饮料与总体能量摄入之间的关联。这表明，早上吃低密度食物，晚上避免吃高密度食物，可能有助于减少总体摄入量，并且可能对超重和肥胖的饮食干预有用。
